1、Designation: D5181 09 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Printed Matter by the GA-CATComprehensive Abrasion Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5181; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe abrasion resistance of printe
3、d matter using a GA-CATComprehensive Abrasion Tester.1.2 This test method is applicable to packaging labels, book,catalog, and magazine covers, bar codes, corrugated boxes, andother containers having applied graphics on any flat substrate.It is not recommended for powder coatings.1.3 The values stat
4、ed in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, h
5、ealth, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Inter
6、national Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible BarrierPackaging3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Sta
7、ndard:3.1.1 abrasion resistance, nresistance against the act ofscraping, smudging, or rubbing off.3.1.2 abrasiveness, nthe degree to which a product tendsto cause abrasion by the act of rubbing or scraping.3.1.3 receptor, nfilm or paper of standard abrasivenessonto which material removed from the sp
8、ecimen is depositedduring the abrasion testing process.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test print and a receptor are sandwiched in the panelholder of the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester,clamped together with a known force, and made to slide overeach other at a known frequency and over a known
9、distance fora predetermined time period.4.2 The test specimen is examined for degree of printdegradation and the receptor for amount of ink or othermaterial transferred from the specimen surface.5. Significance and Use5.1 Abrasion resistance during transport and storage isessential to prevent marrin
10、g of type matter, designs, or protec-tive coatings on the exterior of labels and other printedmaterials. Recognizing that the actual amount of abrasionoccurring in the field depends on relative humidity,temperature, tightness of packing, and a host of other variables,this test method provides a rapi
11、d means for comparing theabrasion resistance of test surfaces under laboratory conditions.It is useful for specification acceptance between the supplierand the customer.5.2 This test method can also be used to evaluate the relativeabrasion resistance of printed inks, varnishes, laminates andsubstrat
12、es, and the abrasiveness of inks.6. Apparatus6.1 GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester.7. Materials7.1 Receptors, can be an unprinted sheet of the samesubstrate or a printed sheet of the identical substrate forface-to-face testing cut to approximately 102 by 114 mm (4 by412 in.).7.2 Foam Sheeting, 2
13、pieces, each approximately 2 mm inthickness and cut to 102 by 114 mm (4 by 412 in.).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition appr
14、oved Dec. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5181 09. DOI:10.1520/D5181-09R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandar
15、ds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles o
16、n standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1NOTE 1Use of foam sheeting as a backing for the test specimen andthe receptor is r
17、ecommended to provide uniform pressure over the testsurfaces and to prevent ink, varnish, or other particles from becomingimbedded in the sensitive surface of the panel holders.7.3 Comparative Control, a production or laboratory printpreferably having known abrasion resistance. The comparativecontro
18、l must have the same substrate, color(s), and subjectmatter as the test print.8. Test Specimen and Conditioning8.1 The specimen size in the grain direction (or flute in thecase of corrugated board) must not exceed 114 mm (412 in.).The specimen size in the cross-grain direction is less critical;102 m
19、m (4 in.) is recommended. Care should be taken to avoidcontaminating the test surface with fingerprints during speci-men cutting and handling.8.2 Condition the specimens at 23 6 2C (73.5 6 3.6F)and 50 6 5 % relative humidity in accordance with Specifica-tion E171.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Set t
20、he abrasion tester on a sturdy bench, preferably ina room conditioned at the temperature and relative humidityprescribed in 8.2. Make sure that the three-prong power cord iscorrectly connected.9.2 Periodically, check the liquid level in the hydraulicpressure system. If not full, follow the instructi
21、ons in themanufacturers manual.9.3 If test conditions have not been specified, select anappropriate receptor by running the reference standard for thelength of time required to achieve a visible level of degrada-tion. Start with receptor. If the test time exceeds 2 min, use areceptor with a higher l
22、evel of abrasiveness.NOTE 2Excessively long rubbing times are to be avoided becausethey introduce uncontrollable heat development that can alter the results.10. Procedure for Abrasion Testing10.1 Loading the Instrument:10.1.1 Move the tray containing the four panel holders tothe front black support
23、shelf. Make sure that the inscribed “L”appears on the upper left side of the left panel holder and the“R” in the upper right side of the right panel holder (see Fig. 1).There should be space of at least12 in. between the two centerpanel holders.10.1.2 Face the test specimen on the receptor (selected
24、 in9.3) and sandwich between the foam sheets. Place the sand-wich between the two center panel holders so that the graindirection of the specimen is vertical. Take care that thesandwich does not extend below the bottom of the panelholders.10.1.3 Push the four panel holders together into an uprightpa
25、rallel position. Make sure that the sandwich is not pinched atthe bottom of the panel holders; otherwise, it will tend to slidedown during the test. Grab the pins and move the tray insidethe instrument so that the two retaining pins drop into thecarriage holes. If the pins do not drop into their res
26、pectiveholes, recenter the panel holders on the sample tray.10.1.4 Apply side pressure by turning the lower blackspindle until the corresponding dial reads 20 pounds per squareinch (psi). Do not apply top pressure at this time.10.1.5 The carriage inside the instrument is meant to movebetween two lim
27、it switches (used for centering) approximately50.8 mm (2 in.) apart. If the carriage is not situated betweenthese limits, manually center the carriage.10.2 Testing Under the Preset Mode:10.2.1 Turn the power switch on by pressing the upper sideof the flip switch at the right side of the instrument.1
28、0.2.2 After the control box window (LCD) displays “GA-CAT ready,” press CNTR; the LCD will read “check limits” tomake sure the carriage is within the range of the limit switches.Press CNTR again and the LCD will read “release toppressure.” Press CNTR once more and the carriage will moveto the extrem
29、e right (limit switch) and then back to stop exactlyin the center. At this point, the LCD will show that the carriagehas been centered by showing a flashing square after “GA-CATREADY.”10.2.3 After the instrument is centered, apply the toppressure of 40 psi.10.2.4 Push the “STRT” button. The LCD will
30、 read “com-puting” and after 3 s, the instrument will run under thefollowing default values:Time 5.0 sFrequency 2.0 HzSpan 1.0 in.Offset 0.0 in.10.2.5 When the instrument stops, release the top pressure,making sure that the top pressure plate is high enough to clearthe panel holders. Push CNTR to re
31、-center the carriage.Release the side pressure and pull the panel holders out of thecarriage. Remove the sandwich and examine the test specimenand the receptor.10.2.6 To continue running the test with the same settings,reload the instrument as in 10.1, apply the top pressure as in10.2.3, and push ST
32、RT. When the instrument stops, follow theprocedure in 10.2.5. Turn the switch off only at the conclusionof testing.10.3 Changing the Default Values:10.3.1 The default values may be changed to any of thefollowing settings:FIG. 1 Panel HoldersD5181 09 (2017)2Time Continuous from 1 to 3600 sFrequency 0
33、.2 to 3.0 Hz (cycles per s) with a resolution of 0.1HzSpan 0.1 to 1.9 in. with a resolution of 0.1 in.Offset 0.1 to 0.4 in. (increments of 0.1 in.)10.3.2 In order to change a setting, press the “mode” buttonuntil the LCD displays the default value to be altered. Enter thenew value on the number butt
34、ons and then press “enter.” TheLCD will read “new value?” If the value is correct, press“enter” a second time. If incorrect, enter another value or press“clear” and start over again.NOTE 3The instrument reverts to the original default values bypressing “reset” and any time the instrument is turned o
35、ff.10.3.3 When running thick samples such as corrugatedmaterial, follow the procedure in 10.1 through 10.2.1.Ifthecenter of the panel holders is not aligned with the center markof the carriage, use the “offset” mode. Press the “mode” buttonuntil “offset” appears and then enter the new setting. A set
36、tingof 0.1 or 0.2 is recommended. An additional adjustment foroverall width of the panel holders may also be necessary byremoving one or two black separators.10.3.4 Proceed further as in 10.2.2 until 10.2.6.11. Interpretation of Results11.1 Examine each print for degree of degradation and eachrecept
37、or for amount of material transferred from the print.Report results for abrasion relative to the comparative controlas equal, slightly or appreciably less, or slightly or appreciablygreater.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionAn interlaboratory study of this test methodwas conducted in which operato
38、rs in 17 laboratories tested sixprints in triplicate on each of two days. The prints consisted ofthree density levels of two different colors and were ranked forabrasion resistance from 1.0 to 4.0. The within-laboratorypooled standard deviation was 0.54 at 15 df and the between-laboratories pooled s
39、tandard deviation was 0.58 at 18 df. Basedon statistical analysis of the results, the following criteriashould be used for judging the acceptability of results at the95 % confidence level:12.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo results, each the mean of twodeterminations obtained by the same operator on differentda
40、ys, should be considered suspect if they differ by more than1.5 ranking units.12.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo results, each the mean of re-sults obtained on different days by operators in differentlaboratories, should be considered suspect if they differ bymore than 2.2 ranking units.12.2 BiasBias cannot
41、be determined as there are nostandard materials.13. Keywords13.1 abrasion; abrasiveness; printed matter; printing inks;smudgingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are
42、expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not re
43、vised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you
44、may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United S
45、tates. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 09 (2017)3
