1、Designation: D 5201 05aStandard Practice forCalculating Formulation Physical Constants of Paints andCoatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers procedures commonly used in thepaint industry to formulate paints and coating materials. Itdescri
3、bes procedures for calculating formulation values forweight solids, volume solids, solvent content, volatile organiccompound (VOC) content, hazardous air pollutant (HAP)content, and density of liquid paints and coatings. These valuesare calculated from basic formulation data. These calculationsmay b
4、e related to either as-supplied (unreduced) or as-applied(reduced) coating materials, including multicomponent types.1.2 These calculated, formulation-based values may or maynot be acceptable for VOC regulatory purposes, depending onthe specific wording of the applicable regulation. Some regu-lation
5、s require analysis of the coating. Some rules allow the useof formulation data, however, some adjustments may beneeded to the values calculated in this practice before they areused for regulatory purposes (see 4.3).1.3 For purposes of this practice, it is assumed that volatilecomponents evaporate an
6、d the materials that remain areidentified as coating solids. For example, solvents are normallyused to adjust viscosity for application and appearance of thecoating. Other liquid materials, such as plasticizers, reactivediluents, etc., that are expected to be retained in the dried filmto affect the
7、final physical properties should be classified aspart of the coating solids. Standards such as Test MethodsD 2369, D 4758, D 5403 and Guide D 2832 may be used todetermine volatile or nonvolatile content of specific compo-nents. For purposes of this practice it is assumed that theblended formulation
8、behaves as an ideal solution with novolume change on mixing (see 6.2).1.4 Volatile by-products of cross-linking reactions (curevolatiles) are not considered in these calculations since theobject of this practice is to define paint physical constantsbased on formulation information. Variations in raw
9、 materials,variations in the production processes, test methods, and testmethod accuracy are not taken into account in these calcula-tions.1.5 The values shown in this method are stated in Englishinch-pound units as commonly used in the United States.However, they may be readily converted into SI un
10、its, ifrequired by the user (for example, see Note 4).1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard for this specific practice. The values given inparentheses are for information only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 153 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of
11、PigmentsD 1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,and Related ProductsD 2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of CoatingsD 2832 Guide for Determining Volatile and NonvolatileContent of Paint and Related CoatingsD 3960 Practice for Determining Volatile Organic Com-pound (VOC) Content of
12、 Paints and Related CoatingsD 4758 Test Method for Nonvolatile Content of LatexesD 5403 Test Methods for Volatile Content of RadiationCurable MaterialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Documents
13、:Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 51.100 (s)Definition of VOC Clean Air Act, Section 1123,4Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 63, SubpartNNNN, Table 3 (Default Organic HAP Mass Fraction forSolvents and Solvent Blends) and Subpart RRRR Table 4(Default Organic HAP Mass Fraction for Pet
14、roleum Sol-vent Groups)3EPA Federal Reference Method 24 Determination of Vola-tile Matter Content, Water Content, Density Volume1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01
15、.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints and Paint Materials.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 5201 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer
16、 Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402. They are also available at the EPA website:http:/www.ep
17、a.gov/ttn/atw/coat/coatingscalc.html.4A list of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) may be found at the followingwebsite: http:/www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/188polls.html. Modifications to this originallist may be found at the following website: http:/www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/atwsmod.html or at the Code of Federal R
18、egulations, Title 40, Part 63, Subpart C.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Solids, and Weight Solids, of Surface Coatings3EPA Federal Reference Method 31
19、1 Analysis of Hazard-ous Air Pollutant Compound in Paints and Coatings byDirect Injection into a Gas Chromatograph3EPA 450/3-88-018, U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyProtocol for Determining the Daily Volatile OrganicCompound Emission Rate of Automobile and Light DutyTruck Topcoat Operations53. T
20、erminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 formula density, n(see Test Method D 1475), thecalculated mass of a unit volume of material at the specifiedtemperature.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn this practice, density is expressed inpounds per U.S. gallon (lb/gal) since this is commonly
21、 used inthe coatings industry. Where dry materials are concerned,actual density (not bulk density) should be determined analyti-cally or obtained from supplier information. Use Test MethodsD 153 where applicable.3.1.2 formula HAP content, ncalculated amount based onformula content (such as pounds of
22、 HAP per gallon of coatingsolids).3.1.2.1 DiscussionThis is a theoretical value that may bean approximation of the HAP content that would be obtainedby an analytical determination, for example, EPA ReferenceMethod 311.3.1.3 formula percent volume solids content, nthe calcu-lated volume of nonvolatil
23、e material in a formula divided bythe total volume of the paint material, times 100 %.3.1.4 formula percent weight solids content, nthe calcu-lated weight of nonvolatile material in a formula divided by thetotal weight of the coating material, times 100 %.3.1.5 formula solvent content, nthe calculat
24、ed weight ofthe solvents in a specific volume of paint (such as pounds ofsolvent per gallon of paint), which is determined by totaling allsolvents present.3.1.5.1 DiscussionVolatile by-products of cross-linkingreactions (cure volatiles) are not included in the formulasolvent content.3.1.6 formula vo
25、latile density, nthe calculated density ofthe combined volatile composition (includes VOC, exemptsolvents, water, ammonia, etc.).3.1.7 formula VOC content, ncalculated amount basedupon total formula solvent content, (such as pounds of solventper gallon of paint) exclusive of water or solvents that a
26、re notVOC. This is a theoretical value that may be an approximationof the VOC content that would be obtained by an analyticaldetermination, for example, EPA Reference Method 24.3.1.7.1 DiscussionSolvent and VOC are not equivalentterms. See 40 CFR 51100 (ParS) for the current EPAdefinition of volatil
27、e organic compound (VOC) and descriptionof compounds that are exempt. Ammonia and water are notVOC, as they are not organic compounds.4. Significance and Use4.1 Physical constants of paints and coatings are required inall aspects of their formulation, manufacture and use. Thispractice demonstrates s
28、tandard methods agreed upon for cal-culating formulation values for some of these physical con-stants. The calculations are the same for either metric orinch/pound units.4.2 These formula values may not be used to replacemeasured values required by government regulations unlessspecifically stated in
29、 the governing documents.4.3 Some regulations allow compliance determination usingformulation data instead of analytical data. This formulationdata may not yield the same results as the required analyticalmethod, which could be performed on a sample from anyproduction batch of the coating. In these
30、cases, the user maywish to compare formulation data to analytical data anddevelop a factor that adjusts for variability of raw materials,variability of production batches, cure volatiles, and variabilityof the analytical methods.5. Calculations5.1 Calculated values should be rounded to the appropria
31、tenumber of significant digits in accordance with Practice E29,Guidelines for Retaining Significant Figures in Calculation andReporting of Test Results.5.2 Formula Density (weight per unit volume):5.2.1 The formula density (Df) can be calculated from thetotal weight (Wf) and total volume (Vf) of the
32、 formulation. Theformulation volume can be calculated from the weight anddensity of each ingredient as given by the following equation:Df5 Wf/Vf5 W11 W21 . Wn#/W1/D11 W2/D21 . Wn/Dfn#5 sum Wi/sum Wi/Di(1)where:n = number of items in the formulation,Df= formula density, lb/gal (g/L),Wf= total weight
33、of formula, lb (g),Vf= total volume of formula, gal (L),Wi= weight of ingredient, lb (g), andDi= density of ingredient.5.2.1.1 An example would be as follows where the weight(W) and density (D) of each ingredient are known:Ingredient WeightW, (lb)DensityD, (lb/gal)VolumeV, (gal)1 81.50 7.74 10.5302
34、6.10 7.90 0.7723 0.40 8.72 0.0464 12.00 7.65 1.569Formula 100.00 Df12.917Df5 100/12.917 5 7.74 lb/gal.5.2.2 If the density of any one of the ingredients in a productis unknown, it can be calculated as long as the density of thepaint and the other ingredients in that formulation are known.This situat
35、ion may occur with a resin solution where thedensity and volume of the polymer solids are unknown, as inthe following example:5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401. Refer to EPA450/3-88-018 dated Decem
36、ber 1988. This protocol makes reference to the paintformulation physical constants for VOC and volume solids content.D 5201 05a2IngredientWeightW, (lb)DensityD, (lb/gal)VolumeV, (gal)Polymer solids 50.00 DpsVpsSolvent A 25.00 6.95 3.60Solvent B 25.00 7.18 3.48Formula 100.00 7.50 Vfwhere:Vf= volume o
37、f total formula, gal = 100.00/7.50 = 13.3gal,Vps= volume of polymer solids, gal = 13.33 (3.60 +3.48) = 6.25 gal, andDps= density of polymer solids, lb/gal = 50.00/6.25 = 8.00lb/gal.5.3 Formula Solvent (Volatile) Density:5.3.1 The density of the solvent (volatile) portion can becalculated using the f
38、ollowing equation:Ds5 V1D11 V2D21 V3D31 .VnDn#/V11 V21 V31 .Vn#5 sum ViDi/sum Vi(2)where:Ds= density of solvent portion, lb/gal (g/L),Vi= volume of individual solvent, gal (L),Di= density of individual solvent, lb/gal (g/L), andn = number of items in the formulation.NOTE 1The above formula pertains
39、to all solvents incorporated in theformulation.NOTE 2If the weight (W) of the solvents in the formulation is knownrather than the volume, the overall solvent density can be determinedusing the alternative equation, as follows:DS5 Sum Wi/SumWi/Di! (3)5.4 Formula Weight Percent Solids (Nonvolatile):If
40、 the weight percent solids content of each ingredient isknown, the total formulation weight percent solids can bedetermined by summing up the weight of solids in eachingredient divided by the total weight of the paint.5.4.1 Calculate percent of solids by weight as follows:SW5 Sumwt of solids!/total
41、wt of coating! 3 1005 SWiSi!/Wf(4)where:SW= formula weight percent of solids (nonvolatile), %,Wf= total weight of formula, lb. (g),Wi= weight of ingredient, lb. (g), andSi= weight percent solids of ingredient, %.5.5 Formula Volume Percent Solids (Nonvolatile):Generally the volume solids content is c
42、alculated by sub-tracting the volume of all solvent from the total volume, sincethe volume of the solvent portion is usually more readilyavailable than the volume of solid materials. The volume of thesolvent portion may be obtained directly from the formula dataor determined by dividing the weight (
43、W) by the density (D) ofeach solvent. Calculate percent of solids by volume using oneof the following equations, depending on available informa-tion.5.5.1 Calculate volume percent solids by subtracting thevolume of solvents from the total volume of paint, as follows:Sv5 total vol of paintvol of solv
44、ents!/total vol of paint! 3 100(5)where:Sv= volume percent of solids (nonvolatile)or5.5.2 Calculate volume percent solids directly if the volumeof solids and volume of paint are known:SV5volume of solids!/total volume of paint!3100 (6)where:Sv= volume percent of solids (nonvolatile)or,5.5.3 When the
45、 volume solids of each ingredient in aformulation is known, the volume solids of the formulation canbe calculated by totaling the volumes and volume solids ofeach ingredient as follows:5.5.3.1 Calculate the volume (Vi) of each ingredient fromthe formula weight (Wi) of each ingredient, divided by its
46、density (Di):Vi5 Wi/Di(7)5.5.3.2 Determine the total volume (Vf) of the formula fromthe sum of the volumes of the individual ingredients:Vf5SVi(8)5.5.3.3 Formula volume solids content (Svf) is calculated inthe following manner. The volume of each ingredient (Vi)ismultiplied by the volume percent sol
47、ids of that ingredient (Svi)and the sum of these volume solids is divided by the totalvolume of the formula to give formula volume solids. This isshown symbolically as follows:Svf5 S SviVi!/Vf(9)5.5.3.4 An example would be as follows:Ingredient WeightW, (lb.)Density D,(lb./gal)TotalVolumeVolumeSolid
48、s, %Volumeof Solids1 7.35 8.00 0.92 31.0 0.292 22.41 7.96 2.82 21.5 0.613 52.85 8.24 6.41 23.8 1.534 5.98 7.16 0.84 0.0 . . .5 6.13 9.27 0.66 100.00 0.666 0.28 7.17 0.04 0.0 . . .7 5.00 8.14 0.61 33.6 0.20100.00 12.30 3.29Sv5 total vol of solids, gal!/total vol of paint, gal! 3 100(10)where:Sv= volu
49、me percent of solids (nonvolatile).5.6 Formula Total Solvent Content and VOC Content (see3.1.7):In this practice VOC content is expressed in four ways: (1)Mass of VOC per unit volume of coating less water and lessexempt volatile compounds, (2) Mass of VOC per unit volumeof coating solids, (3) Mass of VOC per unit mass of solids, and(4) Mass of VOC per unit volume of coating including waterand exempt volatile compounds. The following equations maybe used to calculate VOC content.5.6.1 VOC Content Expressed as the Mass of VOC per
