1、Designation: D5215 93 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Test Method forInstrumental Evaluation of Staining of Vinyl Flooring byAdhesives1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5215; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes procedures and instrumenta-tion for accurately measuring the degree of sta
3、ining that mayoccur in vinyl flooring as a result of its contact with adhesives.Measured color differences between vinyl flooring specimenscontacting the adhesive and not contacting the adhesive areexpressed in the CIELAB Color-Scale System.1.2 This test method provides for visual evaluation ofstain
4、ing which may occur when vinyl flooring contacts adhe-sives.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does no
5、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard
6、s:2D907 Terminology of AdhesivesD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesE284 Terminology of AppearanceE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance
7、 Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)GeometryG53 Practice for Operating Light-and Water-Exposure Ap-paratus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Exposureof Nonmetallic Materials (Discontinued 2001)33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 chromaticity coordinates, nth
8、e ratio of each of thetristimulus values of a psychophysical color to the sum of thetristimulus values (see Terminology E284).3.1.1.1 DiscussionChromaticity coordinates in the CIEsystem of color specification are designated by x, y, and z.3.1.2 CIE 1976 L*a*b*uniform color space, CIELAB, (1,2)4, nan
9、 approximately uniform color space, that is producedby plotting in rectangular coordinates the quantities L*, a*, b*,from which the total difference between two colors may becalculated.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe abbreviation CIELAB is recom-mended.3.1.3 color difference, nas visually perceived, the magni
10、-tude and character of the difference between two colorsdescribed by such terms as redder, bluer, lighter, darker, grayer,or cleaner (see Terminology E284).3.1.4 color difference, nas computed, the magnitude anddirection of the difference between two psychophysical colorstimuli and their components
11、computed from tristimulus val-ues, or by chromaticity coordinates and luminance factor, bymeans of a specified set of color-difference equations (seeTerminology E284).3.1.5 CIELAB color difference equation, n (1, 2)the totaldifference DE*abbetween two colors, each given in terms ofL*, a*, b*, calcul
12、ated as follows:D E*ab5 DL*21Da*21Db*2!12 (1)3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe magnitude, DE*ab8, gives no indi-cation of the character of the difference since it does notindicate the relative quantity and direction of the hue, satura-tion, and lightness differences. The CIELAB color differencesare uniformly 1.
13、1 times Adams-Nickerson (AN40) color dif-ferences.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.70 on ConstructionAdhesives.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last
14、previous edition approved in 2005 as D5215 93 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/D5215-93R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
15、the ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis test method.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
16、19428-2959, United States.3.1.5.2 DiscussionThe direction of the color difference isdescribed by the magnitude and algebraic signs of the compo-nents DL*, Da*, Db*as follows:DL*5 L*12 L*0(2)Da*5 a*12 a*0(3)Db*5 b*12 b*0(4)where L*0,a*0, and b*0refer to the reference, and L*1,a*1, andb*1refer to the
17、test specimen.3.1.6 directional optical measuring system, nan opticalsystem for measuring the reflecting or transmitting propertiesof specimens, in which the illuminator and receiver eachsubtend small angles at the specimen surface.3.1.7 luminance factor, nthe ratio of the luminance of aspecimen to
18、that of a perfect diffuser, when illuminated andviewed under specified geometric conditions (see TerminologyE284).3.1.7.1 DiscussionIn the CIE 1931 system, the luminancefactor is tristimulus factor Y.3.1.8 CIE tristimulus values, nthe amounts of three speci-fied stimuli required to match a color (se
19、e Terminology E284).3.1.8.1 DiscussionIn the CIE system, they are assignedthe symbols X, Y, and Z.3.2 Symbols:3.2.1 L*an individual CIELAB color (opponent-color)coordinate relating to luminance (lightness).3.2.2 a*an individual CIELAB color (opponent-color)coordinate relating to redness/greenness.3.
20、2.3 b*an individual CIELAB color (opponent-color)coordinate relating to blueness/yellowness.3.2.4 DE*abthe magnitude of the difference.3.2.5 DL*, Da*, D b*the CIELAB color differences asdescribed by the magnitude and algebraic signs of the compo-nents, and giving the following approximate meanings (
21、3):3.2.5.1 +DL*lighter.3.2.5.2 DL*darker.3.2.5.3 +Da*redder (less green).3.2.5.4 Da*greener (less red).3.2.5.5 +Db*yellower (less blue).3.2.5.6 Db*bluer (less yellow).3.2.6 x, y, zthe chromaticity coordinates in the CIEsystem of color specification.3.2.7 X, Y, Zthe CIE 1931 tristimulus values.4. Sum
22、mary of Test Method4.1 The differences in color between a reference and testspecimen are determined with a spectrophotometer or colorim-eter. Reflectance readings are made which in turn are convertedby computations to color-scale values. These reflectance read-ings may be automatically converted and
23、 computed by acomputer with the appropriate software program connected tothe spectrophotometer or colorimeter.4.2 Specimens are heat aged at 140 6 5F (60 6 3C) forseven days.4.3 Specimens are exposed to ultraviolet light for 48 h.5. Significance and Use5.1 Certain substances in adhesives may cause d
24、iscolorationof vinyl flooring. This test method provides a means ofmeasuring the discolorations that may occur in the vinyl as aresult of contact with these adhesives. Vinyl flooring speci-mens, either contacting or not contacting the adhesive, areexposed to heat and UVA light to accelerate discolor
25、ation. Bymeans of colorimeter or spectrophotometer, color differencesbetween exposed specimens are accurately measured. There-fore, instrumental evaluation rather than personal subjectiveevaluation is used to determine the amount of discoloration anadhesive may produce in vinyl flooring. This test m
26、ethod doesnot attempt to simulate or duplicate the heat and sunlightconditions that may impact vinyl floor coverings while inservice.6. Apparatus6.1 Instrumentation for Color ReadingsA colorimeter orspectrophotometer that measures color coordinates as de-scribed in Test Methods E1347 and E1349.6.1.1
27、 ScaleCIELAB Color-Scale System.6.1.2 IlluminantD65 illuminant or equivalent.6.1.3 Standard Observer2 or 10.6.1.4 Viewpoint DiameterEqual to or less than 1.0 in. (25mm).6.1.5 Bidirectional Geometry45/0 (45 circumferentialillumination/0 viewing).6.2 SpatulaUnspecified size.6.3 ApplicatorA15-in. long
28、(381 mm) threaded rod,38 in.(9.5 mm) in diameter with 16 threads/in. (25.4 mm) to be usedfor application of adhesive.6.4 OvenHot air recirculating oven.6.5 Test ChamberAUV condensation-type cabinet5meet-ing the requirements of Practice G53.6.5.1 LampsUVA-351 lamps.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Adhesi
29、vesConstruction and flooring adhesives usedfor installation of residential vinyl floor covering (both felt andvinyl backed).7.2 Aluminum FoilTo be used for wrapping test speci-mens.7.3 SolventsThose necessary for clean-up.8. Test Specimens8.1 Size of SpecimensUnless otherwise specified, speci-men sh
30、all be 3 by 6 in. (75 by 150 mm).8.2 Color of SpecimensThe specimens shall be a light-colored (preferably white) floor covering. Greatest precision ofcolor difference is obtained when reading the smoothest,unpatterned area of flooring surface. Special attention isrequired to be certain that like are
31、as of all specimens are read.8.3 Number of SpecimensPrepare three control specimenswith no adhesive, and three specimens for each adhesive to beevaluated (see Fig. 1).5Cabinet available from Q. Panel Co., 26200 First St., Cleveland, OH 44145 orAtlas Electrical Devices Co., 4114 N. Ravenswood Ave., C
32、hicago, IL 60613 hasbeen found suitable.D5215 93 (2012)28.3.1 In addition, retaina3by6in.(75by150mm)pieceof flooring for visual evaluation. Wrap this sample in alumi-num foil.9. Procedure9.1 Cut specimens of flooring as described in Section 8.9.2 Place the specimen identification number at the top o
33、fthe back side of each specimen. Use a sharp pencil to minimizethe possibility of smearing other specimens in the course oftesting.9.3 On the face side of each specimen, mark a circular areaof the lightest, smoothest, unpatterned section of flooring (see8.2).Again, use a sharp pencil to avoid smeari
34、ng or marring thespecimen. The designated area shall be a minimum of18 in. (3mm) larger than the 1.0-in. (25-mm) or smaller viewport of thecolorimeter or spectrophotometer.9.4 Calibrate the colorimeter or spectrophotometer accord-ing to the manufacturers recommendations. Take initial L*, a*,b*readin
35、gs on all specimens by means of the calibratedcolorimeter or spectrophotometer (Test Methods E1347 andE1349). Use D65 illuminant or equivalent. Position eachspecimen to read the encircled area. Record all readings in theCIELAB Color-Scale System.9.5 Record all initial and subsequent readings on the
36、pre-pared chart (Fig. 1).9.6 Wrap the control specimens in aluminum foil after theinitial readings.9.7 Place each set of three specimens for adhesive evalua-tion on a flat surface side by side with the wear surface down.Leave an approximate12-in. (13-mm) space between thespecimens. The larger dimens
37、ion of each specimen should liein the same direction that the adhesive will be applied. Tape theleading edge of each specimen to the flat surface beneath.Using a spatula, apply the adhesive on the leading edge of eachof the three specimens, making certain that the entire width ofeach specimen is cov
38、ered with adhesive. Using the threaded-rod applicator, spread the adhesive evenly and simultaneouslyon the three specimens. Clean the rod thoroughly after eachapplication to prevent cross-contamination of adhesives.9.8 Allow all specimens to air-dry 24 h at room temperature.9.9 Wrap each specimen in
39、 aluminum foil to prevent anycross-contamination or degradation from exposure to light.9.10 Place control and adhesive specimens in a cleancontainer in such a manner that air can circulate between thespecimens. Condition in the recirculating oven for seven daysat 140 6 5F (60 6 3C). Maintain the wra
40、pped visualspecimen at room temperature.9.11 After seven days, remove specimens from the oven andcondition them to room temperature for approximately 2 h.9.12 Unwrap and place each specimen in the specimenholder with the wear surface showing through the specimen-holder window. Place all specimens in
41、 a fluorescent UV-condensation-type apparatus (see 6.5) that meets the require-ments of Practice G53, and is equipped with UVA-351 lamps.Program the unit for UV exposure only (no exposure tocondensation) at a temperature of 140 6 5F (60 6 3C) for 48continuous hours. Do not use the two outside positi
42、ons oneither side of the racks when placing the specimen holders inthe cabinet. Be certain that the specimen-holder window facesthe UV lights. Maintain the light as specified in Practice G53.9.13 After UV exposure, carefully remove the specimensand wrap them in foil until they are reread on the colo
43、rimeteror spectrophotometer.9.14 Allow specimens to condition approximately2hatroom temperature before rereading.9.15 For each specimen, unwrap, reread and record the finalset of L*, a*, b*values. Record the DL*, Da*, Db*, and DE*abvalues.9.16 Make a visual evaluation at the conclusion of this testp
44、rocedure. The visual evaluations are to be used as cross-checks of the numerical evaluations, and it is expected that onewill substantiate the other.10. Calculation10.1 See Fig. 1.10.2 If each DL*, Da*, and Db*value was not obtaineddirectly from a computer connected to the colorimeter orspectrophoto
45、meter, subtract the initial reading from the finalreading of each color component of each specimen as follows:DL*5 final L*2 initial L*(5)Da*5 final a*2 initial a*(6)Db*5 final b*2 initial b*(7)10.3 Calculate the average DL*, average Da*, and averageDb*for each set of specimens.10.4 Calculate the co
46、lor differences of the control set versuseach set of specimens spread with adhesive as follows:DL*due to test adhesive! 5DL*test adhesive! 2DL*control! (8)Da*due to test adhesive! 5Da*test adhesive! 2Da*control! (9)FIG. 1 Form for Reporting Color Readings, Computations, andIdentification of Material
47、s and Apparatus Used to Measure ColorDifferencesD5215 93 (2012)3Db*due to test adhesive! 5Db*test adhesive! 2Db*control!(10)10.5 Calculate DEab*for each test adhesive as follows:DE*ab5 DL*21Da*21Db*2!1/2due to test adhesive! (11)11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Manufacturer of
48、colorimeter or spectrophotometer.11.1.1.1 The type and model of color instrument.11.1.1.2 The illuminant.11.1.1.3 The standard observer.11.1.1.4 The viewport diameter.11.1.1.5 The illuminator/observer geometry.11.1.2 The type and model of weathering cabinet.11.1.3 Flooring identification.11.1.4 Adhe
49、sive identification.11.1.5 Initial L*, a*, b*readings and average of set.11.1.6 Final L*, a*, b*readings and average of set.11.1.7 DL*, Da*, Db*calculated values.11.1.8 Calculated color difference (D E*ab, DL*, Da*, Db*)due to adhesive.11.1.9 Visual evaluation.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Two primary sources of error were detected duringintralaboratory and interlaboratory testing:12.1.1 One source of error was attributable to the lack ofrepeatability within experimental procedures, especially inapplication
