1、Designation:D524004D5240/D5240M12 Standard Test Method for Testing Rock Slabs to Evaluate Soundness of Riprap by Use of Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate 1 ThisstandardisissuedunderthexeddesignationD5240;D5240/D5240M;thenumberimmediatelyfo
2、llowingthedesignationindicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope* 1.1 This test me
3、thod covers test procedures for evaluating the soundness of riprap rock for erosion control by the effects of a sodium or magnesium sulfate solution on slabs of rock. The test is an accelerated weathering test that simulates the freezing and thawing of cold weather exposure. The rock slabs, prepared
4、 in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, are intended to be representativeoferosioncontrolsizedmaterialsandtheirinherentweaknesses.Thetestisappropriateforbreakwaterstone,armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rock materials. The limitations of this test are twofold. First the test is a simula
5、tion of freezing and thawing conditions. The internal expansive force,derivedfromtherehydrationofthesaltuponre-immersion,simulatestheexpansionofwateronfreezingrelyingonchemical crystal formation to simulate freezing rather than the actual freezing of water. Secondly the size of the cut rock slab spe
6、cimens mayeliminatesomeoftheinternaldefectspresentintherockstructure.Thetestspecimensmaynotberepresentativeofthequality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation. 1.2 The use of reclaimed co
7、ncrete and other materials is beyond the scope of this test method. 1.3 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units presented in brackets are to be regarded as the separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be
8、 used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 AllobservedandcalculatedvaluesshallconformtotheguidelinesforsignicantdigitsandroundingestablishedinPractice D6026, unless superseded by this standard. 1.4.1 Forpurposesofcompa
9、ringmeasuredorcalculatedvalue(s)withspeciedlimits,themeasuredorcalculatedvalue(s)shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or signicant digits in the specied limits. 1.4.2 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/recordedorcalculated,inthisstandardareregardedastheindustry standard. In addition, t
10、hey are representative of the signicant digits that generally should be retained.The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce signicant
11、digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider signicant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
12、is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 C88Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesi
13、um Sulfate C295Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for Erosion Co
14、ntrol. Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004July 1, 2012. Published February 2004November 2012. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 19972004 as D525092(1997).D524004. DOI: 10.1520/D5240-04.10.1520/D5240_D5240M-12. 2 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.o
15、rg,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatserviceastm.org.For Annual Book ofASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have
16、been made to the previous version. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official doc
17、ument. *ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass D3740Practice
18、 for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction D4753Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing D4992Practice for Ev
19、aluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control D5121Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability Testing D6026Practice for Using Signicant Digits in Geotechnical Data E100Specication for ASTM Hydrometers E145Specication for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens 3. Terminology 3.1
20、 DenitionsDenitions of words are in accordance with See Terminology D653. for general denitions. 3.2 Denitions of Terms Specic to This Standard: 3.2.1 rock saw, na saw capable of cutting rock. The term rock saw” shall include the blade which saws the rock, any components that control or power the sa
21、wing process or both, and framework on which the blade and any other associated components are mounted. 3.2.2 slab, na section of rock having two smooth, approximately parallel faces, produced by two saw cuts. The thickness of theslabisgenerallylessthantheotherdimensionsoftherock.Theslabwillbetheroc
22、kspecimenwhichwillsubsequentlyundergo durability tests. The words slab” and specimen” are interchangeable throughout the test method. 3.2.3 armor stone, nstone generally 900 to 2,700 kg one to three tons resulting from blasting, cutting, or by other methods placed along shorelines or in jetties to p
23、rotect the shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves. 3.2.4 breakwaterstone,nstonegenerally2,700to18,000kgthreetotwentytonsresultingfromblasting,cutting,orbyother methods placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect the shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves. 3.2.5
24、 riprap stone, nstone generally less than 1,800 kg two tons specially selected and graded, when properly placed prevents erosion through minor wave action, or strong currents and thereby preserves the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure. 3.2.6 gabion-ll stone, nstonegenerallylessthan2
25、2kg50lbandplacedinbasketsofwireorothersuitablematerial.These baskets are then tied together to form an integral structure designed to resist erosion along stream banks and around bridge piers. 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 Erosioncontrolrocksamplesaretrimmedintosaw-cutslabspecimens.Thetrimmedslabsar
26、eovendriedtoaconstantmass. The specimens are repeatedly immersed in saturated solutions of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate followed by oven drying. At the completion of the test, the percent loss by mass for each specimen set is determined.Avisual examination of the slabs is performed at the end
27、 of testing. The type of deterioration and changes to previously noted planes of weakness are recorded. 5. Signicance and Use 5.1 Rockforerosioncontrolconsistsofindividualpiecesofnaturalstone.Theabilityoftheseindividualpiecesofstonetoresist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stabilit
28、y of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks. 5.2 Rockriprapiscomposedofpiecesofnaturalrockthatareplacedonconstructionprojectstominimizetheeffectsoferosion. The ability of riprap to withstand deter
29、ioration from weathering affects both the effectiveness of the project and its cost. The The sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate soundness test is one method by which to estimate qualitatively the durability of rock under weathering conditions. This test method was developed to be used in conjunctio
30、n with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not provide an absolute value, but rather an indication of the resistance to freezing and thawing; therefore, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability.
31、NOTE 1The quality of results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Reliable r
32、esults depend on many factors and Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of them. 4.2 The results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for determination of rock durability, but rather should always be used in conjunction with the results of other tests. 5.3 This test
33、method has been used to evaluate many different types of rocks.There have been occasions when test results have provided data that have not agreed with the durability of rock under actual eld conditions; samples yielding a low soundness loss have disintegrated in actual usage, and the reverse has be
34、en true. NOTE 1The quality of results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective D5240/D524
35、0M12 2testing/sampling/inspection/etc.UsersofthisstandardarecautionedthatcompliancewithPracticeD3740doesnotinitselfassurereliableresults.Reliable results depend on many factors and Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of them. 6. Apparatus 6.1 Circular Diamond Saw, Rock Saw 14-in. (360
36、-mm) diameter, capable of sawing rock, of the type required for PracticesA laboratorywater-cooleddiamondsawusedtocutgeologicalandconcretespecimens,oradiamondsawusedforlapidarypurposes, shall be acceptable.Aminimum blade diameter of 36 cm 14 in. will be needed to obtain the required slab sizes D5121.
37、(a larger blade is preferable). The blade shall be a circular diamond blade. 6.1.1 Therocksawapparatusshallhaveaxedorremoveablevisetoholdthesamplesduringthecuttingprocess.Anautomatic feed (either gravity, hydraulic, or screwfeed operated) that controls the cutting action is preferred; however, a man
38、ual feed is also acceptable. The saw shall have a platform to prevent the cut slab from falling and shattering. NOTE 2Coolants other than water may interfere with subsequent testing or evaluation, or both. 6.2 ContainersOfsufficientsizetoholdthespecimensandbasketsfullyimmersedinasulfatesolution.Itis
39、advisedthatthese containers be sealable, non-reactive, resistant to breakage and resistant to deformation and degradation when exposed to the chemicals and temperatures encountered in this test method. 6.3 BasketsBaskets for immersing the slab specimens in the solution, in accordance with the proced
40、ure described in this test method, shall be perforated in such a manner as to permit free access of the solution to the specimen and drainage of the solution from the specimen without loss of material. NOTE 3Baskets made of suitable wire mesh or sieves with suitable openings are satisfactory contain
41、ers for the samples. 6.4 Temperature RegulationSuitable means for regulating the temperature of the samples at 21 6 1 C 70 6 2 F during immersion in the sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solution shall be provided. 6.5 Apparatus, Balancesas required by Test Method The C88, with the following excep
42、tion: sieves are not required, and the balance shall meet the requirements of Specication D4753. A Class GP 10 in Specicationbalance of D4753 and be accurate within 5 g.5 g readability and accuracy is acceptable. 6.6 DryingOvenThermostaticallycontrolledovenmeetingtherequirementsofSpecicationE145andc
43、apableofmaintaining a uniform temperature of 1106 5 C 2306 9 F throughout the drying chamber. These requirements typically require the use of a forced-draft type oven. Preferably the oven should be vented outside the building. The rate of evaporation, at this range of temperature, shall be at least
44、25 g/h for 4 h, during which period the doors of the oven shall be kept closed. This rate shall be determined by the loss of water from 1-LGriffin low-form beakers, each initially containing 500 g 1 lb of water at a temperature of 216 2 C 706 3 F, placed at each corner and the center of each shelf o
45、f the oven.The evaporation requirement is to apply to all test locations when the oven is empty except for the beakers of water. 6.7 Specic Gravity MeasurementHydrometers conforming to the requirements of Specication E100, or a suitable combination of graduated glassware and balance, capable of meas
46、uring the solution specic gravity within 60.001. 6.8 CameraA digital or lm camera capable of producing good quality, color photographs for before” and after” photographs. 6.9 PhotographicScaleAscaleofappropriatedimensionanddivisionwhencomparedtotheeldofviewandthedetailbeing studied.When selecting a
47、scale, always choose the scale that will provide at least as precise a measurement as the system that will be measuring the photographic information. If the system has a precision to one millimeter, make sure the scale used is accurate and precise to at least one millimeter across the entire scale.
48、7. Special Solutions Required 7.1 ThesolutionsrequiredinthistestmethodshallbethePreparethesolutionforimmersionoftestsamplesfromeithersodium or magnesium sulfate solutions required by Testin accordance with 7.1.1 Methodor C887.1.2, and (Note 4 they shall be prepared and used in the same manner.). The
49、 volume of the solution shall be at least ve times the solid volume of all samples immersed at any one time. NOTE 4Some rock containing carbonates of calcium or magnesium are attacked chemically by fresh sulfate solution, resulting in erroneously high measured losses. If this condition is encountered or is suspected, repeat the test using a ltered solution that has been used previously to test the same type of carbonate rock, provided that the solution meets the requirements of 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 for spe
