1、Designation: D5240/D5240M 12 (Reapproved 2013)1Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control UsingSodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5240/D5240M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of
2、 original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially updated units of measurement statement in April 2018.
3、1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers test procedures for evaluatingthe soundness of rock for erosion control by the effects of asodium or magnesium sulfate solution on slabs of rock. Thetest is an accelerated weathering test that simulates the freezingand thawing of cold weather exposure. The rock s
4、labs, pre-pared in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, areintended to be representative of erosion control sized materialsand their inherent weaknesses. The test is appropriate forbreakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rockmaterials.The limitations of this test are twofold.
5、 First the test is asimulation of freezing and thawing conditions. The internalexpansive force, derived from the rehydration of the salt uponre-immersion, simulates the expansion of water on freezingrelying on chemical crystal formation to simulate freezingrather than the actual freezing of water. S
6、econdly the size of thecut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internaldefects present in the rock structure. The test specimens maynot be representative of the quality of the larger rock samplesused in construction. Careful examination of the rock sourceand proper sampling are essential i
7、n minimizing this limitation.1.2 The use of reclaimed concrete and other materials isbeyond the scope of this test method.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, ea
8、chsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this sta
9、ndard.1.4.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculatedvalue(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculatedvalue(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significantdigits in the specified limits.1.4.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in t
10、his standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users ob
11、jectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analyticalmethods for engineering design.1.5 This standard does not purport to addre
12、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was develo
13、ped in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Docum
14、ents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates forConcreteD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D1
15、8 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for ErosionControl.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2013. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D5240/D5240M 12.DOI: 10.1520/D5240_D5240M-12R13E01.2For reference
16、d ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright
17、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International S
18、tandards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or In
19、spection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD4992 Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used forErosion ControlD5121 Practice for Pre
20、paration of Rock Slabs for DurabilityTestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataE100 Specification for ASTM HydrometersE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology D653 for general defini-tions.3.2 Defin
21、itions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 rock saw, na saw capable of cutting rock. The term“rock saw” shall include the blade which saws the rock, anycomponents that control or power the sawing process or both,and framework on which the blade and any other associatedcomponents are mounted.3.2
22、.2 slab, na section of rock having two smooth, ap-proximately parallel faces, produced by two saw cuts. Thethickness of the slab is generally less than the other dimensionsof the rock. The slab will be the rock specimen which willsubsequently undergo durability tests. The words “slab” and“specimen”
23、are interchangeable throughout the test method.3.2.3 armor stone, nstone generally 900 to 2700 kg oneto three tons resulting from blasting, cutting, or by othermethods placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect theshoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves.3.2.4 breakwater stone,
24、nstone generally 2700 to 18 000kg three to twenty tons resulting from blasting, cutting, or byother methods placed along shorelines or in jetties to protectthe shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves.3.2.5 riprap stone, nstone generally less than 1800 kgtwo tons specially selected an
25、d graded, when properly placedprevents erosion through minor wave action, or strong currentsand thereby preserves the shape of a surface, slope, orunderlying structure.3.2.6 gabion-fill stone, nstone generally less than 22 kg50 lb and placed in baskets of wire or other suitable material.These basket
26、s are then tied together to form an integralstructure designed to resist erosion along stream banks andaround bridge piers.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Erosion control rock samples are trimmed into saw-cutslab specimens. The trimmed slabs are oven dried to a constantmass. The specimens are repeatedl
27、y immersed in saturatedsolutions of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate followed byoven drying. At the completion of the test, the percent loss bymass for each specimen set is determined. A visual examina-tion of the slabs is performed at the end of testing. The type ofdeterioration and changes to p
28、reviously noted planes of weak-ness are recorded.5. Significance and Use5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces ofnatural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone toresist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stabilityof the integral placement of rock f
29、or erosion control and hence,the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, andstream banks.5.2 The sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate soundness testis one method by which to estimate qualitatively the durabilityof rock under weathering conditions. This test method wasdeveloped to
30、be used in conjunction with additional testmethods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does notprovide an absolute value, but rather an indication of theresistance to freezing and thawing; therefore, the results of thistest method are not to be used as the sole basis for thedetermination of r
31、ock durability.5.3 This test method has been used to evaluate manydifferent types of rocks. There have been occasions when testresults have provided data that have not agreed with thedurability of rock under actual field conditions; samplesyielding a low soundness loss have disintegrated in actualus
32、age, and the reverse has been true.NOTE 1The quality of results produced by this standard is dependenton the competence of the personnel performing it and suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of PracticeD3740 are generally considered capable of competent a
33、nd objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned thatcompliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors and Practice D3740 provides ameans of evaluating some of them.6. Apparatus6.1 Rock SawA laboratory w
34、ater-cooled diamond sawused to cut geological and concrete specimens, or a diamondsaw used for lapidary purposes, shall be acceptable. A mini-mum blade diameter of 36 cm 14 in. will be needed to obtainthe required slab sizes (a larger blade is preferable). The bladeshall be a circular diamond blade.
35、6.1.1 The rock saw apparatus shall have a fixed or remove-able vise to hold the samples during the cutting process. Anautomatic feed (either gravity, hydraulic, or screwfeed oper-ated) that controls the cutting action is preferred; however, amanual feed is also acceptable. The saw shall have a platf
36、ormto prevent the cut slab from falling and shattering.NOTE 2Coolants other than water may interfere with subsequenttesting or evaluation, or both.6.2 ContainersOf sufficient size to hold the specimensand baskets fully immersed in a sulfate solution. It is advisedthat these containers be sealable, n
37、on-reactive, resistant tobreakage and resistant to deformation and degradation whenexposed to the chemicals and temperatures encountered in thistest method.D5240/D5240M 12 (2013)126.3 BasketsBaskets for immersing the slab specimens inthe solution, in accordance with the procedure described in thiste
38、st method, shall be perforated in such a manner as to permitfree access of the solution to the specimen and drainage of thesolution from the specimen without loss of material.NOTE 3Baskets made of suitable wire mesh or sieves with suitableopenings are satisfactory containers for the samples.6.4 Temp
39、erature RegulationSuitable means for regulatingthe temperature of the samples at 21 6 1C706 2 F duringimmersion in the sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solutionshall be provided.6.5 BalancesThe balance shall meet the requirements ofSpecification D4753. A Class GP 10 balance of 5 g readabilityand
40、accuracy is acceptable.6.6 Drying OvenThermostatically controlled oven meet-ing the requirements of Specification E145 and capable ofmaintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5 C 230 6 9 Fthroughout the drying chamber. These requirements typicallyrequire the use of a forced-draft type oven. Prefera
41、bly the ovenshould be vented outside the building. The rate of evaporation,at this range of temperature, shall be at least 25 g/h for 4 h,during which period the doors of the oven shall be kept closed.This rate shall be determined by the loss of water from 1-LGriffin low-form beakers, each initially
42、 containing 500 g 1 lbof water at a temperature of 21 6 2C706 3 F, placed ateach corner and the center of each shelf of the oven. Theevaporation requirement is to apply to all test locations whenthe oven is empty except for the beakers of water.6.7 Specific Gravity MeasurementHydrometers conform-ing
43、 to the requirements of Specification E100, or a suitablecombination of graduated glassware and balance, capable ofmeasuring the solution specific gravity within 60.001.6.8 CameraA digital or film camera capable of producinggood quality, color photographs for “before” and “after”photographs.6.9 Phot
44、ographic ScaleA scale of appropriate dimensionand division when compared to the field of view and the detailbeing studied. When selecting a scale, always choose the scalethat will provide at least as precise a measurement as thesystem that will be measuring the photographic information. Ifthe system
45、 has a precision to one millimeter, make sure thescale used is accurate and precise to at least one millimeteracross the entire scale.7. Special Solutions Required7.1 Prepare the solution for immersion of test samples fromeither sodium or magnesium sulfate in accordance with 7.1.1 or7.1.2 (Note 4).
46、The volume of the solution shall be at least fivetimes the solid volume of all samples immersed at any onetime.NOTE 4Some rock containing carbonates of calcium or magnesiumare attacked chemically by fresh sulfate solution, resulting in erroneouslyhigh measured losses. If this condition is encountere
47、d or is suspected,repeat the test using a filtered solution that has been used previously to testthe same type of carbonate rock, provided that the solution meets therequirements of 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 for specific gravity.7.1.1 Sodium Sulfate SolutionPrepare a saturated solutionof sodium sulfate by dis
48、solving a reagent grade of the salt inwater at a temperature of 25 to 30 C 77 to 86 F. Addsufficient salt (Note 5), of either the anhydrous (Na2SO4)orthecrystalline (Na2SO410H2O) form, to ensure not only satura-tion but also the presence of excess crystals when the solutionis ready for use in the te
49、sts. Thoroughly stir the mixture duringthe addition of the salt and stir the solution at frequent intervalsuntil used. To reduce evaporation and prevent contamination,keep the solution covered at all times when access is notneeded. Allow the solution to cool to 21 6 1C706 2 F.Again stir, and allow the solution to remain at the designatedtemperature for at least 48 h before use. Prior to each use, breakup the salt cake, if any, in the container, stir the solutionthoroughly, and determine and record the specific gravity of the
