1、Designation: D5265 09Standard Test Method forBridge Impact Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5265; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is intended to determine the capabilityof a long package with a narrow cross-section to resist impactnear its center when the package is supported
3、 only at its ends.This test method allows the user to select from two test options:Option A employs the use of a free-fall drop tester (see ExhibitB), and Option B employs the use of simulated mechanicalimpact testing equipment (S.M.I.T.E.; see Exhibit A). The twooptional procedures are designed to
4、impart the same amount ofkinetic energy at impact; therefore, each procedure yields equaldamage-producing potential.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlya
5、nd are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitatio
6、ns prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containe
7、rs, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or Process3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms and definitions used in this testmethod may be found in Terminology D996.3.2 Defin
8、itions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 elongated packagea package that is long in propor-tion to width and thickness, with lengths greater or equal to 36in. (914 mm) and each of the other two dimensions 20 % orless of the longest dimension.4. Significance and Use4.1 Materials shipped in elo
9、ngated packages are liable todamage as a result of impact near their midpoint when only theends are supported. This type of damage can occur during theshipment of packaging of mixed dimensions. It is particularlyprevalent during conveyer line transport and sortation. This testmethod provides a means
10、 of determining resistance to suchdamage.5. Apparatus5.1 Option AFree-Fall Drop Tester, conforming to theconditions specified in 10.2.1 (see Fig. 1).5.1.1 Impactor, composed of a hardwood, with a mass of 96 0.4 lb (4.1 6 0.2 kgw) and dimensions of 12 3 12 3 12 in.(300 3 300 3 300 mm). The impactor s
11、hall have at least onebottom edge covered by angle iron. The box shall be filled withthe specified weight and void fill to keep the weight in place.5.1.2 Support Blocks, made from hardwood, nominal 6 3 6in. (150 3 150 mm), long enough to support the full width ofthe largest package to be tested.5.2
12、Option BCommercial S.M.I.T.E. Tester, using aguided impactor and velocity meter to calculate the theoreticalfree-fall drop of the missile (see Fig. 2).5.2.1 S.M.I.T.E. Tester Impactor (missile), fabricated in aV-shape cross-section from a steel flat plate, with a mass of 506 0.4 lb (22.68 6 0.2 kgw)
13、 and length of approximately 30 in.(760 mm). The long edges of the missile shall be rounded to aradius of 0.25 6 0.0625 in. (6 6 2 mm).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Physical TestMethods.Current
14、 edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5265 03(2009).DOI: 10.1520/D5265-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Boo
15、k of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1The standard S.M.I.T.E. tester is equipped with a variety ofinterchangeable
16、missiles, providing impact options ranging from flat drop,angle edge drop, half round, half ball, and corner. The total missileassembly, regardless of which face is used, will weigh 50 lb (22.68 kg).Knowing this, the mass of a S.M.I.T.E. tester is always 50 lb (22.68 kg).5.2.2 Support Blocks, made f
17、rom hardwood, nominal 6 3 6in. (150 3 150 mm), long enough to support the full width ofthe largest package to be tested.6. Sampling6.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall bechosen to permit an adequate determination of representativeperformance. For large production runs, lot sampling for
18、quality control in accordance with Practice E122 is advised.6.2 In the absence of any sampling plan, at least threerepresentative specimens should be selected for performanceevaluation.7. Test Specimens7.1 When the protective capability of a package is to beevaluated, it is preferable to pack the pa
19、ckage with the actualcontents for which it was designed (Note 2). When thecapability of a box to withstand rough handling is to beevaluated, pack the container with either the actual contents ora load simulating the contents. Regardless of which procedureis used, close the container in the same mann
20、er that will beused in preparing it for shipment.NOTE 2Where the use of actual contents is not feasible because ofexcessive cost or danger, a dummy load simulating the contents withrespect to dimensions, center of gravity, moment of inertia, density, flowcharacteristics, etc. shall be used.7.2 When
21、comparing the performance of various elongatedpackage designs, it is preferable to test empty erected cartons,which are closed and sealed in the same manner that will beused in preparing it for shipment.FIG. 1 Vertical Drop TesterD5265 0927.3 Close and seal the container in the normal manner. Dryand
22、 age sufficiently so that any adhesive, protective coatings,sealing tape, etc. will have reached their final normal condition.8. Conditioning8.1 Depending on the purpose of the tests, packages may beconditioned prior to the bridge impact test by either a differentphysical test, water immersion, expo
23、sure to water spray, orexposure to standard or other fixed conditions of air tempera-ture or humidity.8.2 Unless otherwise specified, fiberboard packages shall beconditioned in accordance with Method D685 or PracticeD4332. Other packages shall be conditioned in accordancewith Practice D4332.8.3 The
24、moisture content of paperboard and fiberboardpackages should be determined in accordance with TestMethod D644.9. Acceptance Criteria9.1 Acceptance criteria must be established prior to testingand should consider the required condition of the product uponreceipt. The organizations conducting the test
25、 may choose anyacceptance criteria suitable for their purpose. It is advisable tocompare the type and quantity of damage that occurred to thetest specimens with the damage that occurs during actualdistribution and handling, or with the test results of similarcontainers whose shipping history is know
26、n.9.2 In many cases, the acceptance criteria can be one of thefollowing:FIG. 2 Simulated Mechanical Impact Testing Equipment (S.M.I.T.E.)D5265 093(1) Criterion 1Package is intact and product is damagefree; or(2) Criterion 2Product is damage free and packageabused.This often means that the shipping c
27、ontainer and its contentsare suitable for normal sale and use at completion of the testcycle. Detailed acceptance criteria may allow for acceptingspecified damage to a product or package. The form andcontent of acceptance criteria may vary widely, according tothe particular situation. Methods may ra
28、nge from simplepass-fail judgments to highly quantitative scoring or analysissystems.10. Procedure10.1 Determination of Acceptance CriteriaRelate accep-tance criteria to the desired condition of the product andpackage at the end of the distribution cycle (see Section 9).10.2 Option A: Free-Fall Drop
29、 TesterPlace the packageto be tested on the floor of the drop test apparatus, with itresting on support blocks. The support blocks should be placedparallel to each other and perpendicular to the long axis of thepackage, so that each end of the package is supported for 5 in.(127 mm) of its length, me
30、asured from each end (see Fig. 3).10.2.1 Position the impactor on the drop table or sling itsuitably so that the following conditions are met:(1) The impactors length will be at right angles to the testpackage length upon contact;(2) The edge of the impactor shall strike the center of thepackage so
31、that the plane containing this edge and the center ofgravity of the impactor makes no more than a 5 angle with thevertical;(3) The bottom edge of the impactor is the required dropheight above the upper surface of the package being tested; and(4) The midpoint of the bottom edge of the impactor strike
32、sthe midpoint of the impacted face of the package being tested.10.2.2 Drop the impactor from a free-fall drop heightsufficient to produce a specified impact velocity. Use an impactvelocity of 111 in./s (2.8 m/s).10.2.3 Obtain the impact velocity of 111 in./s (2.8 m/s) froma free-fall drop height of
33、16 in. (406 mm). Due to energyconservation, the potential energy before drop is equal to thekinetic energy at impact. The kinetic energy at impact will be12 ft-lb (16.3 J). Equate an impact velocity to a free-fall dropheight, or vice versa, as follows:h 5 Vi2/2 g solving for free2fall drop height! (
34、1)Vi5 =2 gh solving for impact velocity!where:h = free-fall drop height, m (in.),Vi= measured impact velocity, m/s (in./s), andg = acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 m/s (386 in./s).10.3 Option B: Simulated Mechanical Impact TestingEquipment (S.M.I.T.E.)Place the package to be tested on thetable of th
35、e S.M.I.T.E. test apparatus, with it resting on supportblocks. The support blocks should be placed parallel to eachother and perpendicular to the long axis of the package, so thateach end of the package is supported for 5 in. (127 mm) of itslength, measured from each end (see Fig. 3).10.3.1 Position
36、 the impactor on the S.M.I.T.E. tester so thatthe following conditions are met:(1) The impactor will strike the package with a long edge, atright angles to the length of the package being tested;(2) The impactor shall strike the center of the package sothat the plane containing this surface and the
37、center of gravityof the impactor makes no more than a 5 angle with thevertical;(3) The bottom edge of the impactor is the required dropheight above the upper surface of the package being tested; and(4) The midpoint of the bottom edge of the impactor strikesthe midpoint of the impacted face of the pa
38、ckage being tested.10.3.2 Drop the impactor from a machine drop heightsufficient to generate a specific impact velocity. If no impactvelocity is specified, use an impact velocity of 48 in./s (1.2m/s). Pre-test drops must be conducted until the test machineindicates the desired impact velocity.NOTE 3
39、Different machines will have different frictions in their guidemechanisms. Impact velocity is therefore measured with the velocitysensor. Determine the required impact velocity based on the followingrelationship:v 5 =2 gh(2)10.3.3 This impact velocity of 48 in./s (1.2 m/s) wouldtheoretically be obta
40、ined from a free-fall drop height of 3 in.(76 mm); however, due to guide mechanism friction, testmachines will require higher machine drop heights sufficient toproduce the desired impact velocity. The kinetic energy atimpact will be 12 ft-lb (16.3 J).FIG. 3 Test Specimen Set UpD5265 09411. Report11.
41、1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Specification of the test method option used: eitherOption A, free-fall drop; or Option B, simulated mechanicalimpact test equipment (S.M.I.T.E.).11.1.2 Dimension of the package under testing; completestructural specifications; kinds of materials; descriptio
42、n andspecifications for blocking and cushioning, if used; spacing,size, and type of fasteners; method of closing and strapping, ifany; and tare and gross masses.11.1.3 Description of the contents of the container undertesting and, if not tested with the actual contents intended to beshipped, descrip
43、tion of these actual contents.11.1.4 Method of conditioning the container, if any; mois-ture content of the wood, plywood, or fiberboard, if deter-mined; and results of any supplementary tests of the materialsfrom which the container is made.11.1.5 Mass of the impactor.11.1.6 Drop height.11.1.7 Kine
44、tic energy (KEi) at impact (see 10.2.3 and10.3.3).11.1.8 Number of specimens tested per sample.11.1.9 Detailed record of testing on each package, includingdamage to the package and contents, together with any otherobservation that may assist in interpreting the results correctlyor aid in improving t
45、he design of the package or the method ofpacking, blocking, or bracing.11.1.10 Statement to the effect that all tests were conductedin full compliance with the requirements of this practice, ornoting any variations and their details.11.1.11 Name and address of the testing agency, date, andsignature
46、of a responsible representative of the testing agency.12. Precision and Bias12.1 No statement is made concerning either the precisionor the bias of this test method. The result merely revealswhether there is performance to the criteria for successspecified in the procedure.13. Keywords13.1 bridge im
47、pact; drop test; free-fall; packaging;S.M.I.T.E. testerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent
48、rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either
49、for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or mu
