1、Designation: D 5276 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forDrop Test of Loaded Containers by Free Fall1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for the drop testingof loaded boxes, cylindrical containers, and bags and sacks bythe
3、 free-fall method.1.2 For containers not exceeding 110 lb (50 kg), this testmethod fulfills the requirements of ISO Standards 2206:1987and 2248:1985. CautionThese ISO standards may describeprocedures that do not meet the requirements for this testmethod.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are
4、to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
5、and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related ProductD 644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD
6、880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 2463 Test Method for Drop Impact Resistance of Blow-Molded Thermoplastic ContainersD 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers
7、and SystemsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of UnitizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD 6179 Test Methods for Rough
8、 Handling of UnitizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesE 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate aMeasure of Quality for a Lot or ProcessE 680 Test Method for Drop Weight Impact Sensitivity ofSolid-Phase Hazardous Materials2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 2206 PackagingComplete Filled Transpo
9、rt Packages,Identification of Parts When Testing3ISO 2248 PackagingComplete Filled Transport Packages,Vertical Impact Test by Dropping32.3 Code of Federal Regulations:Title 49 Transportation (49 CFR)43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral terms for packaging and distribu-tion environments are found in
10、 Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cylinderfor the purposes of this test method, acylinder includes substantially cylindrical containers such asbarrels, drums, kegs, and pails (fiber, metal, plastic, or wood, orcombinations thereof).3.2.2 membera face, corner
11、, or edge of a rectangularcontainer; a chime, end, or sidewall of a cylindrical container;or a face, edge, corner, or butt of a bag or sack.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended for use in evaluating thecapability of a container to withstand the sudden shockresulting from a free fa
12、ll, or to evaluate the capability of acontainer and its inner packing to protect its contents during thesudden shock resulting from a free fall. This test method mayalso be used to compare the performance of different packagedesigns. This test method may also permit observation of theprogressive fai
13、lure of a container and the damage to itscontents.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Handling andTransportation.Current edition approved April 10, 1998. Published February 1999. Originallypublished
14、as D 5276 92. Last previous edition D 5276 94.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from
15、 the American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13thFloor., New York, NY 10036.4Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United
16、 States.4.2 This test method is particularly suitable for containersthat are normally handled manually during some part of theirdistribution cycle. Containers of such bulk or mass that theycannot be handled manually may be tested more satisfactorilyin accordance with Test Method D 880, Test Methods
17、D 6055,Test Methods D 6179, or Test Methods D 4003. See PracticeD 4169 for additional guidance.5. Apparatus5.1 Free-Fall Drop Test Equipment, conforming to thefollowing requirements:5.1.1 It shall permit the container to be placed, prior torelease, in a position that will ensure correct orientation,
18、 within2 degrees upon impact, for flat-face drops or flat drops on endsor sidewalls of cylindrical containers, and within 5 uponimpact for other drops, such as edge drops and corner drops forrectangular containers, bags, and sacks and diagonal drops onchimes on cylindrical containers.5.1.2 It shall
19、permit accurate control of the drop fromspecified heights.5.1.3 It shall utilize lifting devices that will not damage thetest container.5.1.4 It shall provide a release mechanism that does notimpart vertical, rotational, or sideways forces to the testcontainer. If drop leaves are used, the apparatus
20、 shall providea spring or other mechanism so that the leaves do not interferewith a free, unobstructed fall.5.1.5 It shall provide an impact surface, horizontal and flat,massive enough to be immovable and rigid enough to benondeformable under the test conditions.5.1.5.1 The impact surface shall be o
21、f concrete, stone, orsteel. If the dropping surface is a steel plate, it must be at least12 in. (13 mm) thick and must be anchored firmly to the mass.NOTE 1Grout (a thin mortar used to fill crevices) is recommendedover the entire surface of the mass below the plate to ensure positivecontact.5.1.5.2
22、The impact surface shall be integral with a mass atleast 50 times that of the heaviest container to be tested.Neither the depth nor width of the mass shall be less than halfthe length.5.1.5.3 For drop testing of containers not exceeding 110 lb(50 kg), the impact surface shall be flat, such that no t
23、wo pointson the surface differ in level by more than564 in. (2 mm).5.1.5.4 The impact surface shall be rigid, such that it willnot be deformed by more than 0.0039 in. (0.1 mm) when anarea of 0.1550 in.2(100 mm2) is loaded statically with 22.05 lb(10 kg) anywhere on the surface.5.1.5.5 The impact sur
24、face shall be sufficiently large toensure that the containers being tested fall entirely upon thesurface.5.1.6 A rupture hazard may be used for determining therupture resistance of cylindrical containers or bags. Unlessotherwise specified, the rupture hazard should consist ofa4by4-in. (102 by 102-mm
25、) timber, of oak or other wood ofequivalent hardness, approximately 4 ft (1.2 m) long, havingthe edges rounded to a radius of not more than14 in. (6.35mm).5.1.6.1 For testing of 49 CFRDOT 21C fiber drums, a 2by 6-in. (51 by 152-mm) timber, with a 6-in. (152-mm) verticaldimension, shall be used. The
26、drum shall be dropped at rightangles to the timber. The drop height shall be measured fromthe top of the timber.5.1.7 For very large containers, it may be necessary to use ahoist, sling, and tripping devices, or a solenoid-operated droptest mechanism and suspension devices, such as those de-scribed
27、in Appendix X1.5.1.8 Conditioning ApparatusAdequate facilities shall beprovided for conditioning test specimens at the proper humid-ity and temperature prior to testing, in accordance with thespecification covering the containers to be tested.5.1.8.1 ConditioningDepending on the purpose of thetests,
28、 containers may be conditioned prior to the drop test byeither a different physical test, water immersion, exposure towater spray, or exposure to standard or other fixed air tempera-ture or humidity conditions. It is recommended that specialatmospheres for conditioning be selected from those given i
29、nPractice D 4332. Unless otherwise specified, fiber-board orpaperboard containers shall be conditioned in accordance withthe preconditioning and standard conditioning atmospheresspecified in Practice D 4332 (see also Practice D 4169 foradditional guidance).5.1.8.2 Where the moisture content of fiber
30、board containersis determined, it should be determined in accordance with TestMethod D 644.6. Sampling6.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall bechosen to permit an adequate determination of representativeperformance. Practice E 122 is recommended. Unless other-wise specified, Practice D 5
31、85 shall be used for acceptancetesting of fiberboard containers.6.2 In the absence of any sampling plan, at least threerepresentative specimens should be selected for performanceevaluation.7. Test Specimens7.1 When the protective capability of a container is to beevaluated, it is preferable to pack
32、the container with the actualcontents for which it was designed (Note 2). When thecapability of a container to withstand rough handling is to beevaluated, pack the container with either the actual contents ora load simulating the contents. Regardless of which procedureis used, close the container in
33、 the same manner that will beused in preparing it for shipment.NOTE 2Where the use of actual contents is not feasible because ofexcessive cost or danger, a dummy load simulating the contents withrespect to dimensions, center of gravity, moment of inertia, density, flowcharacteristics, etc. may be us
34、ed. Accelerometers or other indicatingmechanisms may be installed.7.2 Close and seal the container in the normal manner. Dryand age sufficiently so that any adhesive, protective coatings,sealing tape, and so forth will have reached their final normalcondition.D 5276 98 (2004)28. Procedure8.1 Identif
35、y members as specified in Annex A1, by marking,at a minimum, Faces 1, 2, and 5 of rectangular containers;Positions 1, 3, 5, and 7 of cylindrical containers; and Faces 1,4, and 5 of sacks and bags.8.2 Unless otherwise specified, establish failure criteriaprior to the commencement of testing. (See Pra
36、ctice D 4169,Acceptance Criteria.)8.3 Test containers that have been conditioned in the con-ditioned atmosphere or immediately upon removal from thatatmosphere.8.4 Conduct drop test procedures by dropping the containeron either one member or several different members in aprescribed sequence (cyclica
37、l testing).8.4.1 When the container is to be dropped flat on a face,position it so that, upon impact, there is no more than a 2 anglebetween the plane of this face and the impact surface.8.4.2 When a rectangular container or bag is to be droppedon an edge, position it so that, upon impact, this edge
38、 makes nomore than a 2 angle with the impact surface, and the planecontaining this edge and the center of gravity of the containermakes no more than a 5 angle with the vertical.8.4.3 When a rectangular container or bag is to be droppedon a corner, position it so that, upon impact, the line containin
39、gthis corner and the center of gravity of the container makes nomore than a 5 angle with the vertical.8.4.4 When a cylindrical container is to be dropped on eithera chime or a circumferential edge, position it so that, uponimpact, a plane containing this edge and the center of gravityof the containe
40、r makes no more than a 5 angle with thevertical plane perpendicular to the drop surface.8.4.5 When determining the rupture resistance of cylindricalcontainers or bags, place a rupture hazard (see 5.1.6) on thetarget surface, and position it so that, unless otherwise speci-fied, the center of the cyl
41、inder sidewall or face edge or butt ofthe bag impacts across the hazard.8.4.6 Before each drop of a bag or sack, distribute thecontents uniformly throughout the bag or sack.8.5 Height of DropDetermine the height of the drop bymeasuring from the bottom surface, edge, or corner of thecontainer to the
42、impact surface.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Reference to this test method, including a statement tothe effect that all tests were conducted in full compliance withthe requirements of this test method, or noting any variationsand their details.9.1.2 Dimensions of the container
43、under testing; completestructural specifications; kinds of materials; description andspecifications for blocking and cushioning, if used; spacing,size, and type of fasteners; method of closing and strapping, ifany; drying and aging time, if any; and tare and gross masses.9.1.3 Description of the con
44、tents of the container undertesting and, if not tested with the actual contents intended to beshipped, description of these actual contents.9.1.4 Number of specimens tested per sample.9.1.5 Method of conditioning the container, if any; moisturecontent of the wood, plywood, or fiberboard, if determin
45、ed;and results of any supplementary tests of the materials fromwhich the container is made.9.1.6 Description of apparatus and special instrumentation,if used.9.1.7 Whethera4by4timber was used as a hazard. Wherea hazard other than that specified in 5.1.6 is used, a descriptionof the hazard used.9.1.8
46、 Details of the failure criteria used.9.1.9 Member(s) tested (see Annex A1).9.1.10 Description of the prescribed test sequence, if used.9.1.11 Drop height(s).9.1.12 Size of the increment, if a variable height drop testprocedure is used.9.1.13 Number of drops (at each incremental height, ifapplicable
47、).9.1.14 Detailed record of the test results for each container,including damage to the container and contents, together withany other observation that may assist in interpreting the resultscorrectly or aid in improving the design of the container ormethod of packaging, blocking, or bracing.9.1.15 W
48、here a mean failure height is determined by drop-ping, a statement of this mean and the estimated standarddeviation and level of confidence.9.1.16 Name and address of the testing agency, date, andsignature of a responsible representative of the testing agency.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Precision5:10
49、.1.1 A precision statement is not applicable when the droptest is conducted at a specified drop height to determineconformance with established acceptance criteria.10.1.2 When the drop test is conducted to determine thedrop height to failure, the observed precision is a combinationof the precision of the test method (including apparatus,operators, etc.) and the precision of the packaged product beingtested. Experience has shown that the observed precision ishighly dependent on the particular packaged item being tested.Research Report D101004 describes an inte
