1、Designation: D5276 98 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forDrop Test of Loaded Containers by Free Fall1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for the drop testingof loaded boxes, cylindrical containers, and bags and sacks bythe fr
3、ee-fall method.1.2 For containers not exceeding 110 lb (50 kg), this testmethod fulfills the requirements of ISO Standards 2206:1987and 2248:1985. These ISO standards may describe proceduresthat do not meet the requirements for this test method.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be reg
4、ardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the use
5、r of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on
6、Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, an
7、d Related Product(Withdrawn 2010)3D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven Drying (Withdrawn 2010)3D880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Contain-ers and SystemsD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD2463 Test Method for Drop Impact Resista
8、nce of Blow-Molded Thermoplastic ContainersD4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD6
9、055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of UnitizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loadsand Large Shipping Cases and CratesE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
10、Lot or ProcessE680 Test Method for Drop Weight Impact Sensitivity ofSolid-Phase Hazardous Materials2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 2206 PackagingComplete Filled Transport Packages,Identification of Parts When TestingISO 2248 PackagingComplete Filled Transport Packages,Vertical Impact Test by Dropping2.3 Code
11、 of Federal Regulations:Title 49 Transportation (49 CFR)53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral terms for packaging and distribu-tion environments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cylinderfor the purposes of this test method, acylinder includes sub
12、stantially cylindrical containers such asbarrels, drums, kegs, and pails (fiber, metal, plastic, or wood, orcombinations thereof).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems -
13、Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5276 98 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/D5276-98R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AST
14、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
15、, 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Tra
17、de Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.2 membera face, corner, or edge of a rectangularcontainer; a chime, end, or sidewall of a cylindrical container;or a face, edge, corner, or butt of a bag or sack.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended for use in evalua
18、ting thecapability of a container to withstand the sudden shockresulting from a free fall, or to evaluate the capability of acontainer and its inner packing to protect its contents during thesudden shock resulting from a free fall. This test method mayalso be used to compare the performance of diffe
19、rent packagedesigns. This test method may also permit observation of theprogressive failure of a container and the damage to itscontents.4.2 This test method is particularly suitable for containersthat are normally handled manually during some part of theirdistribution cycle. Containers of such bulk
20、 or mass that theycannot be handled manually may be tested more satisfactorilyin accordance with Test Method D880, Test Methods D6055,Test Methods D6179, or Test Methods D4003. See PracticeD4169 for additional guidance.5. Apparatus5.1 Free-Fall Drop Test Equipment, conforming to thefollowing require
21、ments:5.1.1 It shall permit the container to be placed, prior torelease, in a position that will ensure correct orientation, within2 degrees upon impact, for flat-face drops or flat drops on endsor sidewalls of cylindrical containers, and within 5 uponimpact for other drops, such as edge drops and c
22、orner drops forrectangular containers, bags, and sacks and diagonal drops onchimes on cylindrical containers.5.1.2 It shall permit accurate control of the drop fromspecified heights.5.1.3 It shall utilize lifting devices that will not damage thetest container.5.1.4 It shall provide a release mechani
23、sm that does notimpart vertical, rotational, or sideways forces to the testcontainer. If drop leaves are used, the apparatus shall providea spring or other mechanism so that the leaves do not interferewith a free, unobstructed fall.5.1.5 It shall provide an impact surface, horizontal and flat,massiv
24、e enough to be immovable and rigid enough to benondeformable under the test conditions.5.1.5.1 The impact surface shall be of concrete, stone, orsteel. If the dropping surface is a steel plate, it must be at least12 in. (13 mm) thick and must be anchored firmly to the mass.NOTE 1Grout (a thin mortar
25、 used to fill crevices) is recommendedover the entire surface of the mass below the plate to ensure positivecontact.5.1.5.2 The impact surface shall be integral with a mass atleast 50 times that of the heaviest container to be tested.Neither the depth nor width of the mass shall be less than halfthe
26、 length.5.1.5.3 For drop testing of containers not exceeding 110 lb(50 kg), the impact surface shall be flat, such that no two pointson the surface differ in level by more than564 in. (2 mm).5.1.5.4 The impact surface shall be rigid, such that it willnot be deformed by more than 0.0039 in. (0.1 mm)
27、when anarea of 0.1550 in.2(100 mm2) is loaded statically with 22.05 lb(10 kg) anywhere on the surface.5.1.5.5 The impact surface shall be sufficiently large toensure that the containers being tested fall entirely upon thesurface.5.1.6 A rupture hazard may be used for determining therupture resistanc
28、e of cylindrical containers or bags. Unlessotherwise specified, the rupture hazard should consist ofa4by4-in. (102 by 102-mm) timber, of oak or other wood ofequivalent hardness, approximately 4 ft (1.2 m) long, havingthe edges rounded to a radius of not more than14 in. (6.35mm).5.1.6.1 For testing o
29、f 49 CFRDOT 21C fiber drums, a 2by 6-in. (51 by 152-mm) timber, with a 6-in. (152-mm) verticaldimension, shall be used. The drum shall be dropped at rightangles to the timber. The drop height shall be measured fromthe top of the timber.5.1.7 For very large containers, it may be necessary to use ahoi
30、st, sling, and tripping devices, or a solenoid-operated droptest mechanism and suspension devices, such as those de-scribed in Appendix X1.5.1.8 Conditioning ApparatusAdequate facilities shall beprovided for conditioning test specimens at the proper humid-ity and temperature prior to testing, in acc
31、ordance with thespecification covering the containers to be tested.5.1.8.1 ConditioningDepending on the purpose of thetests, containers may be conditioned prior to the drop test byeither a different physical test, water immersion, exposure towater spray, or exposure to standard or other fixed air te
32、mpera-ture or humidity conditions. It is recommended that specialatmospheres for conditioning be selected from those given inPractice D4332. Unless otherwise specified, fiber-board orpaperboard containers shall be conditioned in accordance withthe preconditioning and standard conditioning atmosphere
33、sspecified in Practice D4332 (see also Practice D4169 foradditional guidance).5.1.8.2 Where the moisture content of fiberboard containersis determined, it should be determined in accordance with TestMethod D644.6. Sampling6.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall bechosen to permit an adequ
34、ate determination of representativeperformance. Practice E122 is recommended. Unless otherwisespecified, Practice D585 shall be used for acceptance testing offiberboard containers.6.2 In the absence of any sampling plan, at least threerepresentative specimens should be selected for performanceevalua
35、tion.7. Test Specimens7.1 When the protective capability of a container is to beevaluated, it is preferable to pack the container with the actualcontents for which it was designed (Note 2). When thecapability of a container to withstand rough handling is to beevaluated, pack the container with eithe
36、r the actual contents orD5276 98 (2017)2a load simulating the contents. Regardless of which procedureis used, close the container in the same manner that will beused in preparing it for shipment.NOTE 2Where the use of actual contents is not feasible because ofexcessive cost or danger, a dummy load s
37、imulating the contents withrespect to dimensions, center of gravity, moment of inertia, density, flowcharacteristics, etc. may be used. Accelerometers or other indicatingmechanisms may be installed.7.2 Close and seal the container in the normal manner. Dryand age sufficiently so that any adhesive, p
38、rotective coatings,sealing tape, and so forth will have reached their final normalcondition.8. Procedure8.1 Identify members as specified in AnnexA1, by marking,at a minimum, Faces 1, 2, and 5 of rectangular containers;Positions 1, 3, 5, and 7 of cylindrical containers; and Faces 1,4, and 5 of sacks
39、 and bags.8.2 Unless otherwise specified, establish failure criteriaprior to the commencement of testing. (See Practice D4169,Acceptance Criteria.)8.3 Test containers that have been conditioned in the con-ditioned atmosphere or immediately upon removal from thatatmosphere.8.4 Conduct drop test proce
40、dures by dropping the containeron either one member or several different members in aprescribed sequence (cyclical testing).8.4.1 When the container is to be dropped flat on a face,position it so that, upon impact, there is no more than a 2 anglebetween the plane of this face and the impact surface.
41、8.4.2 When a rectangular container or bag is to be droppedon an edge, position it so that, upon impact, this edge makes nomore than a 2 angle with the impact surface, and the planecontaining this edge and the center of gravity of the containermakes no more than a 5 angle with the vertical.8.4.3 When
42、 a rectangular container or bag is to be droppedon a corner, position it so that, upon impact, the line containingthis corner and the center of gravity of the container makes nomore than a 5 angle with the vertical.8.4.4 When a cylindrical container is to be dropped on eithera chime or a circumferen
43、tial edge, position it so that, uponimpact, a plane containing this edge and the center of gravityof the container makes no more than a 5 angle with thevertical plane perpendicular to the drop surface.8.4.5 When determining the rupture resistance of cylindricalcontainers or bags, place a rupture haz
44、ard (see 5.1.6)onthetarget surface, and position it so that, unless otherwisespecified, the center of the cylinder sidewall or face edge orbutt of the bag impacts across the hazard.8.4.6 Before each drop of a bag or sack, distribute thecontents uniformly throughout the bag or sack.8.5 Height of Drop
45、Determine the height of the drop bymeasuring from the bottom surface, edge, or corner of thecontainer to the impact surface.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Reference to this test method, including a statement tothe effect that all tests were conducted in full compliance withthe r
46、equirements of this test method, or noting any variationsand their details.9.1.2 Dimensions of the container under testing; completestructural specifications; kinds of materials; description andspecifications for blocking and cushioning, if used; spacing,size, and type of fasteners; method of closin
47、g and strapping, ifany; drying and aging time, if any; and tare and gross masses.9.1.3 Description of the contents of the container undertesting and, if not tested with the actual contents intended to beshipped, description of these actual contents.9.1.4 Number of specimens tested per sample.9.1.5 M
48、ethod of conditioning the container, if any; moisturecontent of the wood, plywood, or fiberboard, if determined;and results of any supplementary tests of the materials fromwhich the container is made.9.1.6 Description of apparatus and special instrumentation,if used.9.1.7 Whethera4by4timber was used
49、 as a hazard. Wherea hazard other than that specified in 5.1.6 is used, a descriptionof the hazard used.9.1.8 Details of the failure criteria used.9.1.9 Member(s) tested (see Annex A1).9.1.10 Description of the prescribed test sequence, if used.9.1.11 Drop height(s).9.1.12 Size of the increment, if a variable height drop testprocedure is used.9.1.13 Number of drops (at each incremental height, ifapplicable).9.1.14 Detailed record of the test results for each container,including damage to the container and contents, together withany other observation that may a
