1、Designation: D 5280 96 ( Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forEvaluation of Performance Characteristics of Air QualityMeasurement Methods with Linear Calibration Functions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers procedures for evaluating thefollow
3、ing performance characteristics of air quality measure-ment methods: bias (in part only), calibration function andlinearity, instability, lower detection limit, period of unattendedoperation, selectivity, sensitivity, and upper limit of measure-ment.1.2 The procedures presented in this practice are
4、applicableonly to air quality measurement methods with linear continu-ous calibration functions, and the output variable of which is adefined time average. The linearity may be due to postprocess-ing of the primary output variable. Additionally, replicatevalues belonging to the same input state are
5、assumed to benormally distributed. Components required to transform theprimary measurement method output into the time averagesdesired are regarded as an integral part of this measurementmethod.1.3 For surveillance of measurement method stability underroutine measurement conditions, it may suffice t
6、o check theessential performance characteristics using simplified tests, thedegree of simplification acceptable being dependent on theknowledge on the invariance properties of the performancecharacteristics previously gained by the procedures presentedhere.1.4 There is no fundamental difference betw
7、een the instru-mental (automatic) and the manual (for example, wet-chemical) procedures, as long as the measured value is anaverage representative for a predefined time interval. There-fore, the procedures presented are applicable to both. Further-more, they are applicable to measurement methods for
8、 ambi-ent, workplace, and indoor atmospheres, as well as emissions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the ap
9、plica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 ISO Stand
10、ard:ISO 6879: 1983, Air QualityPerformance Characteristicsand Related Concepts for Air Quality Measuring Meth-ods43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer toTerminology D 1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:NOTE 1The statistical pe
11、rformance characteristics used throughoutthis practice are estimated, by convention, at the confidence level1a = 0.95.3.2.1 averaging time predefined time interval length forwhich the air quality characteristic is made representative andDu the averaging time.3.2.1.1 DiscussionEvery measured value ob
12、tained is rep-resentative for a defined interval of time, t, the value of whichalways lies above a certain minimum due to the intrinsicproperties of the measuring procedure applied. In order toattain mutual comparability of data pertaining to comparableobjects, a normalization to a common, predefine
13、d interval oftime is necessary.3.2.1.2 DiscussionBy convention, this normalization isachieved by transformation by means of a simple, linear, andunweighted averaging process.1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 onAir Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D2
14、2.03 on Ambient Atmospheresand Source Emissions.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 5280 - 96(2001).2This practice was adapted from International Standard ISO/DP 9169, preparedby ISO/TC 146/SC 4/WG 4, by
15、 the kind permission of the Chairman of ISO/TC 146and the Secretariat of ISO/TC 146/SC 4.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summ
16、ary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from International Organization for Standardization, Case Pastale 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(a) Series of Discrete Samples:cu? Du! 51K(k5
17、1Kcu01 k 2 1!t ? t (1)where:u0= u Du, andKt = Du, t su/ si$ 1:sb05cu2s|fl22 c|fl2su2cu22 c|fl2(42)sb15su22 s12cu22 c12(43)5.4.7.1 Finally, the dispersion part of instability to beexpected is:sinst51b1=sb021 c2sb12(44)5.4.7.2 If this dispersion does not exceed the respectiverepeatability standard dev
18、iation, long-term fluctuations arenegligible in the interval of time, Du, evaluated.5.5 Dependence of the Measured Value on InfluenceVariablesThis test is designed to estimate the performanceretained under field conditions. It is assumed that the impact ofthe influence variable on the measured value
19、 can be fairlydetermined by tests at the extremes (see Fig. 7). Divide theinfluence variables into classes of known and unknown effecton the measured value. Examples of the first class are tem-perature and pressure as long as a classical gas state equationremains valid. Usually, however, the relatio
20、nship is morecomplicated and is unknown, for example, the effects oftemperature by means of electronics, those due to line voltage,and interferant concentrations.5.5.1 Known Dependence Express the measured value, c,as a function of the air quality characteristic and the i-thinfluence variable, IVi:
21、c = g (C, IV1. , IVk).5.5.1.1 Approximate the dependence, DEP, on IViat C = cby the following corresponding partial derivative:DEPc!IVi5gIVi!? c, iv1.ivk(45)5.5.2 Unknown DependenceUse reference material of C= c1and C = Cu( ciin the lower and cuin the upper part of themeasurement range; ci30 can als
22、o be obtained from Fy1,y2;0.95=10Awhere:A 51.42872y1y2y11y2!2 0.9520.681 e22e1!e1e2(A2.1)B*) denominator y2.D 5280 96 ( Reapproved 2007)10A3. TABULATED VALUES OF THE t -DISTRIBUTIONTABLE A3.1 Tabulated Values of the t -DistributionANOTE 1For the significance level a = 0.05.Number of Degreesof Freedo
23、myOne-Sided Casety;1a= ty;0.95Two-Sided Casety;1a/2= ty;0.9751 6.314 12.7062 2.920 4.3033 2.353 3.1824 2.132 2.7765 2.015 2.7516 1.943 2.4477 1.895 2.3658 1.860 2.3069 1.833 2.26210 1.812 2.22811 1.796 2.20112 1.782 2.17913 1.771 2.16014 1.761 2.14515 1.753 2.13116 1.746 2.12017 1.740 2.11018 1.734
24、2.10119 1.729 2.09320 1.725 2.08630 1.697 2.04240 1.684 2.02160 1.671 2.000a 1.645 1.960AValues tyn;0.95for y 3 can also be obtained from:ty;0.9551.6449y13.5283 10.85602yy11.2209 21.5162y(A3.1)values ty;0.975for y 3as well as from:ty;0.97551.9600y10.60033 10.95910yy20.90259 10.11588y(A3.2)REFERENCES
25、(1) Grubbs, F. E., and Beck, G., “Extension of Sample Sizes andPercentage Points for Significance Tests of Outlying Observations,”Technometrics 14, 1972, pp. 847854.(2) Garden, J. S., Mitchell, D. G., and Mills, W. N., “Non-ConstantVariance Regression Techniques for Calibration-Curve-Based Analy-sis
26、,” Analytical Chemistry 52, 1980, pp. 23102315.(3) Green, J. R., and Margerison, D., “Statistical Treatment of Experi-mental Data,” Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978.(4) Natrella, M. G.,“ Experimental Statistics,” NBS Handbook 91, 1966.(5) Dixon, W. J., and Massey, F. J., “Introduction to Statistical Analys
27、is,”McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 1969.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the ris
28、kof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of thi
29、s standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake
30、your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 5280 96 ( Reapproved 2007)11
