1、Designation: D 5283 92 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Practice forGeneration of Environmental Data Related to WasteManagement Activities: Quality Assurance and QualityControl Planning and Implementation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5283; the number immediately following the desig
2、nation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Environmental data generation
3、efforts are composed offour parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs);(2) design of field measurement and sampling strategies andspecification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance crite-ria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and(4) data quality assessment
4、. This practice addresses the plan-ning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspectsof environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2)above).1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be consideredto assure the quality of the field and analytical aspects ofenvironmental
5、data generation activities. Environmental datainclude, but are not limited to, the results from analyses ofsamples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinationsthereof.1.3 DQOs should be adopted prior to application of thispractice. Data generated in accordance with this practice aresubject
6、 to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOswere met. For example, many screening activities do notrequire all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and qualitycontrol (QC) steps found in this practice to generate dataadequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all ofthe require
7、ments must be met remains a matter of technicaljudgement as it relates to the established DQOs.1.4 This practice presents extensive management require-ments designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. Thewords “must,”“ shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selectedcarefully to reflect the im
8、portance placed on many of thestatements made in this practice.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applic
9、a-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1A complete table of contents of this practice is given inAppendix X1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterE 1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Docum
10、ents:3SW-846, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Vol 1,Third Edition (NTIS No. PB88239223/LL), November1986QAMS-005/80 (NTIS No. PB83170514/LL), InterimGuidelines and Specifications for Preparing Quality As-surance Project Plans, Office of Monitoring Systems andQuality Assurance, December 29,
11、1980EPA/QAMS, Development of Data Quality Objectives, De-scription of Stages I and II, July 16, 1986QAMS 004/80 (NTIS No. PB83219667/LL), Guidelinesand Specifications for Preparing Quality Assurance Pro-gram Plans, Office of Monitoring Systems and QualityAssurance, September 20, 19802.3 Other docume
12、nts related to the subject matter of thispractice are cited in Appendix X2. This list is not intended tobe comprehensive.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms most applicable to this practicehave been defined in Terminologies D 1129 and E 1187.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1Thi
13、s practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onSampling.Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 5286 92 (1997).2Fo
14、r referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
15、 Office,Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.1 background samplea sample taken from a locationon or proximate to the site of interest and used to documentbaseline or historical information.3.2.2 co
16、llocated samplesindependent samples collectedas close as possible to the same point in space and time andintended to be identical.3.2.3 data quality objectives (DQOs)statements on thelevel of uncertainty that a decision maker is willing to acceptin the results derived from environmental data (see EP
17、A/QAMS, July 16, 1986).3.2.4 environmental data generation activity tasks asso-ciated with the production of environmental data, includingplanning, sampling, and analysis.3.2.5 equipment rinsate (equipment blank)a sample ofanalyte-free media that has been used to rinse the samplingequipment. This bl
18、ank is collected after the completion ofdecontamination and prior to sampling and is useful fordocumenting the adequate decontamination of sampling equip-ment.3.2.6 field blanka sample of analyte-free media similar tothe sample matrix that is transferred from one vessel to anotheror exposed to the s
19、ampling environment at the sampling site.This blank is preserved and processed in the same manner asthe associated samples and is used to document contaminationin the sampling and analysis process.3.2.7 field duplicatescollocated samples that are analyzedindependently and are useful in documenting t
20、he precision ofthe sampling and analytical process.3.2.8 laboratory control samplea known matrix spikedwith compound(s) representative of the target analytes andused to document laboratory performance.3.2.9 material blanka sample composed of constructionmaterials such as those used in well installat
21、ion, well develop-ment, pump and flow testing, and slurry wall construction.Examples of these materials are bentonite, sand, drilling fluids,and source and purge water. This blank documents the con-tamination resulting from use of the construction materials.3.2.10 matrix duplicatean intralaboratory
22、split sampleused to document the precision of a procedure in a givensample matrix.3.2.11 matrix spikean aliquot of sample spiked with aknown concentration of target analyte(s) and used to documentthe bias of an analytical process in a given sample matrix. Thespiking occurs prior to sample preparatio
23、n and analysis.3.2.12 matrix spike duplicatesintralaboratory splitsamples spiked with identical concentrations of target ana-lyte(s) and used to document the precision and bias of aprocedure in a given sample matrix. The spiking occurs prior tosample preparation and analysis.3.2.13 method blankan an
24、alyte-free media, to which allreagents are added in the same volumes or proportions used insample processing. The method blank must be carried throughthe complete sample preparation and analytical procedure andis used to document contamination resulting from the analyti-cal process.3.2.14 projectsin
25、gle or multiple data collection activitiesthat are related through the same planning sequence.3.2.15 project planning documentsall documents relatedto the definition of the environmental data collection activitiesassociated with a project.3.2.16 quality assurance program plan (QAPP)an orderlyassembl
26、age of management policies, objectives, principles, andgeneral procedures by which an organization involved inenvironmental data generation activities outlines how it intendsto produce data of known quality.3.2.17 quality assurance project plan (QAPjP)an orderlyassemblage of detailed procedures desi
27、gned to produce data ofsufficient quality to meet the DQOs for a specific datacollection activity.3.2.18 reference materiala material containing knownquantities of target analytes in either solution or a homoge-neous matrix and used to document the bias of the analyticalprocess.3.2.19 split samplesa
28、liquots of sample taken from thesame container and analyzed independently. These are usuallytaken after mixing or compositing and are used to documentintra- or interlaboratory precision.3.2.20 standard additionthe practice of adding a knownamount of an analyte to a sample immediately prior to analys
29、is,typically used to evaluate matrix effects.3.2.21 standard operating procedures (SOPs)the estab-lished written procedures of a given organization. Specialproject plans may require procedures different from the estab-lished SOPs.3.2.22 surrogatean organic compound that is similar tothe target analy
30、te(s) in chemical composition and behavior inthe analytical process, but is not normally found in environ-mental samples.3.2.23 trip blanka sample of analyte-free media takenfrom the laboratory (or appropriate point of origin) to thesampling site and returned to the laboratory unopened. A tripblank
31、is used to document the contamination attributable toshipping and field handling procedures and is also useful indocumenting the contamination of volatile organics samples.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes the criteria and activities for fieldand laboratory organizations involved in
32、generating environ-mental data in terms of human and physical resources, QA andQC procedures, and documentation requirements depending onthe DQOs.5. Significance and Use5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regu-latory and programmatic decisions. These data must be ofknown quality com
33、mensurate with their intended use.5.2 Data generation efforts involve the following: establish-ment of the DQOs; design of the project plan to meet theDQOs; implementation of the project plan; and assessment ofthe data to determine whether the DQOs have been met.5.3 Certain minimal criteria must be
34、met by the field andlaboratory organizations generating environmental data. Addi-tional activities may be required based on the DQOs of the datacollection effort.D 5283 92 (2003)25.4 This practice defines the criteria for field and laboratoryorganizations generating environmental data and identifies
35、some other activities that may be required based on the DQOs.5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communi-cation among those involved in establishing DQOs, planningand implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of envi-ronmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.5.
36、6 Environmental field operations are discussed in Section7, and environmental laboratory operations are discussed inSection 8.6. Project Specification6.1 Project activities should be defined prior to the start ofany field or laboratory activities. At a minimum, projectspecifications should address t
37、he following topics:6.2 Data Quality ObjectivesDQOs for the data generationactivity should be defined prior to the initiation of field andlaboratory work. It is desirable that the field and laboratoryorganizations be aware of the DQOs so that the personnelconducting the work are able to make informe
38、d decisionsduring the course of the project.6.3 Project Plan The project should be designed to meetthe DQOs, and the project plan should define the following:6.3.1 Project ObjectivesProject objectives provide back-ground information, state reasons for the data collection effort,identify any regulato
39、ry programs governing data collection,define specific objectives for each sampling location, anddescribe the intended uses for the data.6.3.2 Project ManagementAperson(s) shall be designatedas having responsibility and authority for the following: (1)developing project documents that implement the D
40、QOs; (2)selecting field and laboratory organizations to conduct thework; (3) coordinating communication among the field andlaboratory organizations and government agencies, as required;and (4) reviewing and assessing the final data.6.3.3 Sampling RequirementsSampling locations, equip-ment, and proce
41、dures and sample preservation and handlingrequirements shall be specified.6.3.4 Analytical RequirementsThe analytical procedures,analyte list, required detection limits, and required precisionand bias values shall be specified. Regulatory requirements andDQOs shall be considered when developing the
42、specifications.NOTE 2This does not imply that the specified analytical requirementscan be met.6.3.5 Quality Assurance and Quality ControlRequirementsThe QA and QC requirements shall addressboth field and laboratory activities. The means for controllingfalse positives and false negatives shall be spe
43、cified. Standardpractices for field and laboratory operations as described inSections 7 and 8 of this practice shall be required.6.3.5.1 Field Quality ControlThe types and frequency offield QC samples to be collected, including field blanks, tripblanks, equipment rinsates, field duplicates, backgrou
44、ndsamples, reference materials, material blanks, and splitsamples, shall be specified. Control parameters for field activi-ties shall also be described (see 7.6.4).6.3.5.2 Laboratory Quality ControlThe types and fre-quency of use of laboratory QC samples, such as laboratorycontrol samples, laborator
45、y blanks, matrix spikes, matrixduplicates, and matrix spike duplicates, shall be specified. Anyspecific performance criteria shall be specified. Data validationcriteria shall be defined.6.4 Project DocumentationAll documents required forplanning, implementing, and evaluating the data collectioneffor
46、t shall be specified. These may include, although notlimited to, a statement of work, technical and cost proposals,work plan, sampling and analysis plan, quality assuranceproject plan (QAPjP), health and safety plan, communityrelations plan, documents required by regulatory agencies,requirements for
47、 raw field and analytical records, technicalreports assessing the environmental data, and records retentionpolicy. Planning documents shall specify the required level ofdocument control and identify the personnel having access.Document formats that may be required to ensure that all dataneeds are sa
48、tisfied shall be specified. In addition, a projectschedule that identifies critical milestones and completiondates should be available.7. Standard Practices for Environmental FieldOperations7.1 PurposeThe field organization must conduct its op-erations in such a manner as to provide reliable informa
49、tionthat meets the DQOs. To achieve this goal, certain minimumpolicies and procedures must be implemented in order to meetthe DQOs.7.2 OrganizationThe field organization shall be struc-tured such that each member of the organization has a clearunderstanding of his or her duties and responsibilities and therelationship of those responsibilities to the total effort. Theorganizational structure, functional responsibilities, levels ofauthority, job descriptions, and lines of communication foractivities shall be established and documented. One personm
