1、Designation: D5283 92 (Reapproved 2009)D5283 18Standard Practice forGeneration of Environmental Data Related to WasteManagement Activities: Quality Assurance and QualityControl Planning and Implementation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5283; the number immediately following the
2、 designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Environmental data genera
3、tion efforts are composed of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); (2)design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3)implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data quality asse
4、ssment. This practice addresses the planning andimplementation of the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2) above).1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be considered to assureensure the quality of the field and analytical aspects ofe
5、nvironmental data generation activities. Environmental data include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of samplesof air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations thereof.1.3 Adoption of a quality assurance project plan (QAPP) containing the goals, policies, procedures, organiza
6、tionalresponsibilities, evaluation and reporting requirements, and other attributes of a quality management system including statementof DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are subject to afinal assessment to determine whether
7、 the DQOs were met. met through application of quality control (QC) procedures thatproduce data that are scientifically valid for the purposes to which the data are intended. For example, many screening activitiesdo not require all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) ste
8、ps found in this practice to generate dataadequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technicaljudgement as it relates to the established DQOs.1.4 This practice presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quali
9、ty environmental data. The words“must,” “shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements madein this practice.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respo
10、nsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1A complete table of contents of this practice is given in Appendix X1.1.6 This international standard wa
11、s developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced
12、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementE1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment (Withdrawn 2006)31 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of
13、 Subcommittee D34.01.01 on Planning forSampling.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009May 1, 2018. Published March 2009May 2018. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as D5286 92 (2003).(2009). DOI: 10.1520/D5283-92R09.10.1520/D5283-18.2 For referencedASTM standards,
14、 visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This d
15、ocument is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions
16、as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Documents:4SW
17、-846, SW-846 Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Vol 1, Third Edition (NTIS No. PB88239223/LL), November 1986QAMS-005/80 (NTIS No. PB83170514/LL), Interim Guidelines and Specifications for Preparing Quality Assurance ProjectPlans, Office of Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance, December 29,
18、 1980EPA/QAMS, EPA/QAMSDevelopment of Data Quality Objectives, Description of Stages I and II, July 16, Development of DataQuality Objectives, Description of Stages I and II, July 16, 1986QAMS 004/80EPA QA/R-2 (NTIS No. PB83219667/LL), EPA Requirements Guidelines and Specifications for PreparingQual
19、ityAssurance Program for Quality Management Plans, Office of Monitoring Systems and QualityAssurance, September20, 1980 March 2001EPA QA/R-5 EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans, March 20012.3 Other documents related to the subject matter of this practice are cited in Appendix X2. Th
20、is list is not intended to becomprehensive.2.3 Other documents related to the subject matter of this practice are cited in Appendix X1. This list is not intended to becomprehensive.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms most Terms applicable to this practice have been are defined in Terminologies D1
21、129, D5681, andE1187.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 background samplea sample taken from a location on or proximate to the site of interest and used to document baselineor historical information.3.2.2 collocated samplesindependent samples collected as close as possible to t
22、he same point in space and time and intendedto be identical.3.2.3 data quality objectives (DQOs)statements on the level of uncertainty that a decision maker is willing to accept in theresults derived from environmental data (see EPA/QAMS, July 16, 1986).3.2.3 environmental data generation activityta
23、sks associated with the production of environmental data, including planning,sampling, and analysis.3.2.4 equipment rinsate (equipment blank)a sample of analyte-free media that has been used to rinse the sampling equipment.This blank is collected after the completion of decontamination and prior to
24、sampling, and is useful for documenting the adequatedecontamination of sampling equipment.assessing sampling equipment decontamination effectiveness.3.2.5 field blanka sample of analyte-free media similar to the sample matrix that is transferred from one vessel to another orexposed to the sampling e
25、nvironment at the sampling site. This blank is preserved and processed in the same manner as theassociated samples and is used to document contamination in the sampling and analysis process.3.2.6 field duplicatescollocated samples that are analyzed independently and are useful in documenting the pre
26、cision of thesampling and analytical process.3.2.7 laboratory control samplea known matrix spiked with compound(s) representative of the target analytes and used todocument laboratory performance.3.2.8 material blanka sample composed of construction materials such as those used in well installation,
27、 well development,pump and flow testing, and slurry wall construction. Examples of these materials are bentonite, sand, drilling fluids, and sourceand purge water. This blank documents thepossible contamination resulting from use of thethese construction materials.3.2.9 matrix duplicatean intralabor
28、atory split sample used to document the precision of a procedure in a given sample matrix.3.2.10 matrix spikean aliquot of sample spiked with a known concentration of target analyte(s) and used to document the biasof an analytical process in a given sample matrix. The spiking occurs prior to sample
29、preparation and analysis.3.2.11 matrix spike duplicatesintralaboratory split samples spiked with identical concentrations of target analyte(s) and usedto document the precision and bias of a procedure in a given sample matrix. The spiking occurs prior to sample preparation andanalysis.3.2.12 method
30、blankan analyte-free media, to which all reagents are added in the same volumes or proportions used in sampleprocessing. The method blank must be carried through the complete sample preparation and analytical procedure and is used todocument contamination resulting from the analytical process.3.2.13
31、 projectsingle or multiple data collection activities that are related through the same planning sequence.4 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC20402.20401-0001, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.D5283
32、1823.2.14 project planning documentsall documents related to the definition of the environmental data collection activitiesassociated with a project.3.2.15 quality assurance program plan (QAPP)an orderly assemblage of management policies, objectives, principles, andgeneral procedures by which an org
33、anization involved in environmental data generation activities outlines how it intends toproduce data of known quality.3.2.16 quality assurance project plan (QAPjP)an orderly assemblage of detailed procedures designed to produce data ofsufficient quality to meet the DQOs for a specific data collecti
34、on activity.3.2.17 reference materiala material containing known quantities of target analytes in either solution or a homogeneous matrixand used to document the bias of the analytical process.3.2.18 split samplesaliquots of sample taken from the same container and analyzed independently. These are
35、usually takenafter mixing or compositing and are used to document intra- or interlaboratory precision.3.2.19 standard additionthe practice of adding a known amount of an analyte to a sample immediately prior to analysis,typically used to evaluate matrix effects.3.2.20 standard operating procedures (
36、SOPs)the established written procedures of a given organization. organization forperforming sampling, analyses, data management, etc. Special project plans may require procedures different from the establishedSOPs.3.2.21 surrogatean organic compound that is similar to the target analyte(s) in chemic
37、al composition and behavior in theanalytical process, but is not normally found in environmental samples.3.2.22 trip blanka sample of analyte-free media taken from the laboratory (or appropriate point of origin) to the sampling siteand returned to the laboratory unopened. A trip blank is used to doc
38、ument the contamination attributable to shipping and fieldhandling procedures, and is also useful in documenting the contamination of volatile organics samples.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes the criteria and activities for field and laboratory organizations involved in generating
39、environmentaldata in terms of human and physical resources, QA and QC procedures, and documentation requirements depending on the as perproject or program DQOs.5. Significance and Use5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of kno
40、wnquality commensurate with their intended use.5.2 Data generation efforts involve the following: establishment of the DQOs; design of the project plan to meet the DQOs;implementation of the project plan; and assessment of the data to determine whether the DQOs have been met.5.3 Certain minimal crit
41、eria must be met by the field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data. Additionalactivities may be required, based on the DQOs of the data collection effort.5.4 This practice defines the criteria for field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data and identifies s
42、omeother activities that may be required based on the DQOs.5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in establishing DQOs, planning andimplementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.5.6 En
43、vironmental field operations are discussed in Section 7, and environmental laboratory operations are discussed in Section8.6. Project Specification6.1 Project activities should be defined prior to the start of any field or laboratory activities.At a minimum, project specificationsshould address the
44、following topics:6.2 Data Quality ObjectivesDQOs for the data generation activity should be defined prior to the initiation of field andlaboratory work. It is desirable that the field and laboratory organizations be aware of the DQOs so that the personnel conductingthe work are able to make informed
45、 decisions during the course of the project.6.3 Project PlanThe project should be designed to meet the DQOs, and the project plan should define the following:6.3.1 Project ObjectivesProject objectives provide background information, state reasons for the data collection effort,identify any regulator
46、y programs governing data collection, define specific objectives for each sampling location, and describe theintended uses for the data.D5283 1836.3.2 Project ManagementA person(s) shall be designated as having responsibility and authority for the following: (1)developing project documents that impl
47、ementsatisfy the DQOs; (2) selecting field and laboratory organizations to conduct thework; (3) coordinating communication among the field and laboratory organizations and government agencies, as required; and(4) reviewing and assessing the final data.6.3.3 Sampling RequirementsSampling locations, e
48、quipment, and procedures and sample preservation and handlingrequirements shall be specified.6.3.4 Analytical RequirementsThe analytical procedures, analyte list, required detection limits, and required precision andbias values shall be specified. Regulatory requirements and DQOs shall be considered
49、 when developing the specifications.NOTE 1This does not imply that the specified analytical requirements can be met.6.3.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control RequirementsThe QA and QC requirements shall address both field andlaboratory activities. The means for controlling false positives and false negatives shall be specified. Standard practices for fieldand laboratory operations as described in Sections 7 and 8 of this practice shall be required.6.3.5.1 Field Quality ControlThe types and frequency of field QC samples to be collected, includi
