1、Designation: D 5293 04An American National StandardStandard Test Method forApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between 5 and 35CUsing the Cold-Cranking Simulator1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination ofapparent vis
3、cosity of engine oils by cold cranking simulator(CCS) at temperatures between 5 and 35C at shear stressesof approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Pa and shear rates ofapproximately 105to 104s1and viscosities of approximately500 to 25 000 mPas. The range of an instrument is dependenton the instrument model
4、 and software version installed. Theseresults are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engineoils.1.2 A special procedure is provided in Annex A1 for highlyviscoelastic oils.1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automateddetermination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using
5、 thecold-cranking simulator.1.4 Aspecial manual procedure is provided inAnnexA1 forhighly viscoelastic oils.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsib
6、ility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warningstatements are given in 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2602 Test Method for App
7、arent Viscosity of Engine Oilsat Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator3D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, none that exhibits a constantviscosity at all shear rates.3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fl
8、uid, none that exhibits aviscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.3.1.3 viscosity, h, nthe property of a fluid that determinesits internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:h5t/g (1)where:t = the stress per unit area, andg = the rate of shear.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIt is
9、 sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of theresistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosityis the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarilyused. The millipascal seco
10、nd is 1 cP.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 apparent viscosity, nthe viscosity obtained by use ofthis test method.3.2.1.1 DiscussionSince many engine oils are non-Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can varywith shear rate.3.2.2 calibration oils, noils with known
11、 viscosity andviscosity/temperature functionality that are used to define thecalibration relationship between viscosity and cold-crankingsimulator rotor speed.3.2.3 test oil, nany oil for which the apparent viscosity isto be determined by use of this test method.3.2.4 viscoelastic oil, na non-Newton
12、ian oil or fluid thatclimbs up the rotor shaft during rotation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An electric motor drives a rotor that is closely fittedinside a stator. The space between the rotor and stator is filledwith oil. Test temperature is measured near the stator inner wall1This test method is un
13、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 529302.2For refe
14、renced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this s
15、tandard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and maintained by regulated flow of refrigerated coolantthrough the stator. The speed of the rotor is calibrated as afunction of viscosity. Test oil viscosity is determined from
16、thiscalibration and the measured rotor speed.5. Significance and Use5.1 The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oilscorrelates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS appar-ent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flowto the engine oil pump and oil distribution system.
17、Enginecranking data were measured by the Coordinating ResearchCouncil (CRC) L-494test with reference oils that had viscosi-ties between 600 and 8400 mPas (cP) at 17.8C and between2000 and 20 000 mPas (cP) at 28.9C. The detailed relationbetween this engine cranking data and CCS apparent viscosi-ties
18、is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the 1967 T edition of TestMethod D 26025and CRC Report 409.4Because the CRCL-49 test is much less precise and standardized than the CCSprocedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accurately predictthe engine cranking behavior of an oil in a specific engine.However, the
19、correlation of CCS apparent viscosity withaverage L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory.5.2 The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosityand engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures be-tween 1 and 40C by work on 17 commercial engine oils(SAE grades 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synth
20、etic andmineral oil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP621.65.3 A correlation was established in a low temperatureengine performance study between light duty engine startabil-ity and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten1990s engines at temperatures ranging from 5 down to40C w
21、ith six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W,15W, 20W, and 25W).76. Apparatus6.1 Two types of apparatus are available for use in this testmethod: the manual cold-cranking simulator (see 6.2) and theautomated CCS (see 6.3 and 6.4).6.2 Manual CCS8, consisting of a direct current (dc) electricmotor
22、that drives a rotor inside a stator; a rotor speed sensor ortachometer that measures rotor speed; a dc ammeter and finecurrent-control adjust dial; a stator temperature control systemthat maintains temperature within 60.05C of set point; and acoolant circulator compatible with the temperature contro
23、lsystem. See Fig. 1.6.3 Automated CCS8, consisting of the CCS described in6.2, with computer, computer interface, and test sample injec-tion pump. The methanol circulator (see 6.6.1) is not usedbecause the test sample injection displaces the previous testsample. See Fig. 2.6.4 Automatic Automated CC
24、S8The CCS described in 6.3with the addition of an automated sample table allowing up to30 test samples to be run sequentially under computer controlwithout operator attention. See Fig. 3.NOTE 1In some CCS instruments, the refrigeration may be achievedusing solid state thermoelectric modules.6.5 Cali
25、brated ThermistorSensor for insertion in a wellnear the inside surface of the stator to indicate the testtemperature.4CRC Report No. 409 “Evaluation of Laboratory Viscometers for PredictingCranking Characteristics of Engine Oils at 0F and 20F,” April 1968 availablefrom the Coordinating Research Coun
26、cil, Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway,Atlanta, GA 30346.5Supporting data (Appendixes X1 and X2) have been filed at ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1402.6Stewart, R. M., “Engine Pumpability and Crankability Tests on Commercial“W” Grade Engin
27、e Oils Compared to Bench Test Results,” ASTM STP 621 ASTM1967, 1968. 1969 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 17 (Also published as SAEPaper 780369 in SAE Publication SP-429.).7Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02
28、-1442.8The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Cannon Instrument Co., P.O. Box 16, State College, PA 16804. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful conside
29、ration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee1, which you may attend.FIG. 1 Cold Cranking SimulatorD5293042FIG. 2 Automated Cold-Cranking SimulatorFIG. 3 Automatic Automated Cold-Cranking SimulatorD52930436.6 Refrigeration SystemArefrigerator for the liquid cool-ant is needed to maintain
30、 coolant temperature at least 10Cbelow the test temperature. Mechanical refrigeration is pre-ferred, but dry ice systems have been used satisfactorily. Thelength of the tubing connections between the CCS and therefrigerator should be as short as possible and well insulated.NOTE 2Thermoelectric cooli
31、ng may be used instead of mechanicalrefrigeration or use of dry ice, and so forth.6.6.1 There must be good thermal contact between thetemperature sensor and the thermal well in the stator; clean thisthermal well periodically and replace the small drop ofhigh-silver-containing heat transfer medium. A
32、djust the tem-perature of the coolant to the viscometric cell to be at least10C below the test temperature.NOTE 3If a thermoelectric cooling system is used in the instrument,the liquid cooling temperature of the water or other appropriate liquid usedin the refrigeration system (chiller) should be se
33、t to approximately 5C inorder to maintain the sample test temperature.6.6.1.1 To ensure optimum control of temperature using thedry-ice system, the valve settings on the coolant circulator areset for control of coolant with a low-viscosity test sample in theviscometric cell and the simulator motor t
34、urned on.6.7 Coolant, dry methanolIf contaminated with waterfrom operating under high humidity conditions, replace it withdry methanol to ensure consistent temperature control, espe-cially when cooled by dry-ice.6.8 Optional Methanol Circulator8This option (for theManual CCS only) circulates warm me
35、thanol through the statorto facilitate sample changes and aid the evaporation of cleaningsolvents.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Acetone(WarningDangerExtremely flammable.Vapors can cause fire.)7.2 Methanol(WarningDangerFlammable. Vaporharmful.)7.3 Petroleum Naphtha(WarningCombustible vaporharmful.)7.4
36、 Calibration OilsLow-cloud point Newtonian oils ofknown viscosity and viscosity/temperature functionality. Ap-proximate viscosities at certain temperatures are listed in Table1, whereas exact viscosities are supplied with each standard.NOTE 4Blind reference samples are available from the supplier of
37、 thecalibration oils for checking on the shear rate of the viscometric cell andthe overall procedure.8. Hazards8.1 Observe both toxicity and flammability warnings thatapply to the use of methanol, acetone, and petroleum naphtha.8.2 If methanol is leaking from the apparatus, repair the leakbefore con
38、tinuing the test.9. Sampling9.1 To obtain valid results, use an appropriate means of bulksampling (see Practice D 4057) to obtain a representativesample of test oil free from suspended solid material and water.When the sample in its container is received below the dewpoint temperature of the room, a
39、llow the sample to warm toroom temperature before opening its container. When thesample contains suspended solid material, use a filter orcentrifuge to remove particles greater than 5 m in size. Do notshake the sample of test oil. This leads to entrainment of air,and a false viscosity reading.10. Ca
40、libration10.1 Calibration of Manual CCS:10.1.1 On start-up of a new instrument or when any part ofthe viscometric cell or drive component (motor, belt,tachometer-generator, and so forth) is replaced, determine therequired motor drive current. Initially, recheck the drive current(as described in 10.1
41、.2) monthly until the change in drivecurrent in consecutive months is less than 0.020 A and everythree months thereafter.10.1.2 Drive Current DeterminationPlug the tachometerinto the CAL jack, where fitted with a CAL jack. Run the 3500mPas, 20C viscosity standard at 20C as described inSection 11. Wh
42、en the drive motor is turned on, establish aspeed meter reading of 0.240 6 0.010 by adjustment of thecurrent adjust dial. Keep this current setting constant for allsubsequent calibration and test sample runs at all temperatures.When the current setting must be changed to maintain a dialTABLE 1 Calib
43、ration OilsCalibration OilApproximateAViscosity in rnPas at:5C 10C 15C 20C 25C 30C 35CCL-10 . . . . . . 1 700CL-12 . . . . 800 1 600 3 200CL-14 . . . . 1 600 3 250B7 000CCL-16 . . . . 2 500 5 500 11 000CL-19 . . . 1 800 3 500B7 400C17 000CL-22 . . 1 300 2 500 5 100 11 000 .CL-25 . . 1 800 3 500B7 40
44、0C17 200 .CL-28 . 1 200 2 500 5 000 9 300 . .CL-32 . 1 800 3 500B7 300C15 900 . .CL-38 . 2 900 5 800C13 000 . . .CL-48 2300 4 500B9 500 21 000 . . .CL-60 3700 7 400C15 600 . . . .CL-74 6000B12 000 . . . . .AConsult supplier for specific values.BOil to be used for calibration checks with CCS-2B or CC
45、S-4 or 5 with software version 3.x or 5.x.COil to used for calibration checks with CCS-4 or 5 software versions 4.x or 6.x.D5293044reading of 0.240 6 0.010 units with the 3500 mPas referenceoil at 20C, recalibrate the instrument by either proceduredescribed in 10.1.3.10.1.3 Calibration ProcedureAt e
46、ach test temperature,calibrate with the oils listed for that temperature in Table 1 byusing the procedure described in Section 11.10.1.3.1 When only a narrow viscosity range of test liquidsis to be measured, use a minimum of three calibration oilsspanning the narrow viscosity range of the oils to be
47、 tested.10.1.4 Preparation of Calibration Curves Plot the viscos-ity of the calibration oils as a function of speed meter readings,and draw a smooth curve. The use of log-log coordinates orspecial linearized graph paper have been found suitable for thispurpose. Take care to get the best fit to the p
48、oints found;careless use of commercial drawing curves can lead to exces-sive errors. See Fig. 4 for a typical curve. Use the equation in10.1.4.1 as an alternative method to this graphical method.10.1.4.1 Alternatively Expressing Calibration Results byEquationCalibration data over a limited viscosity
49、 range arewell represented by the following equation:h5b0/N 1 b11 b2N (2)where:h = viscosity,b0,b1,b2= constants determined with a minimum ofthree calibration oils, andN = observed speed indicator reading.10.1.4.2 When more than three pairs of data are available,regress these data to the following equation to determine thevalues of the constants b0, b1, and b2:hN 5 b01 b1N 1 b2N2(3)10.1.5 When check runs of a calibration oil do not fallwithin 6 5 % of the values calculated from the calibrationcurve,
