1、Designation: D 5293 081An American National StandardStandard Test Method forApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base StocksBetween 5 and 35C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEMoved headings in 13.1 and updated Summary of Changes editorial
3、ly in February 2009.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination ofapparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by coldcranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between 5 and35C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Paand shear rates of approximately 105to 104
4、s1for viscositiesof approximately 900 to 25 000 mPas. The range of aninstrument is dependent on the instrument model and softwareversion installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by thismethod are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engineoils.1.2 A special procedure is provided for m
5、easurement ofhighly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See AppendixX2.1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automateddetermination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using thecold-cranking simulator.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units
6、 of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regula
7、tory limitations prior to use. Specific warningstatements are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscom-eters and Viscosity Oil StandardsD 2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oilsat Low Temperature Using the Col
8、d-Cranking Simulator3D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, none that exhibits a constantviscosity at a
9、ll shear rates.3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, none that exhibits aviscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.3.1.3 viscosity, h, nthe property of a fluid that determinesits internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:h5tg(1)where:t = the stress per unit area, andg =
10、 the rate of shear.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of theresistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosityis the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple(millipascal-second) is more convenient an
11、d is customarilyused. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipoise).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 apparent viscosity, nthe viscosity obtained by use ofthis test method.3.2.1.1 DiscussionSince many engine oils are non-Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can varyw
12、ith shear rate.3.2.2 calibration oils, noils with known viscosity andviscosity/temperature functionality that are used to define thecalibration relationship between viscosity and cold-crankingsimulator rotor speed.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products
13、 and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 529304.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.o
14、rg, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from American Nationa
15、l Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (
16、all rights reserved); Mon Aug 24 03:08:57 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.3.2.3 check oil, na batch of test oil used to monitormeasurement performance.3.2.4 test oil, nany oil for which the apparent viscosity isto be de
17、termined by use of this test method.3.2.5 viscoelastic oil, na non-Newtonian oil or fluid thatclimbs up the rotor shaft during rotation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An electric motor drives a rotor that is closely fittedinside a stator. The space between the rotor and stator is filledwith oil. Test
18、temperature is measured near the stator inner walland maintained by removing heat with a controlled process tomaintain a constant stator temperature during test. The speed ofthe rotor is calibrated as a function of viscosity. Test oilviscosity is determined from this calibration and the measuredroto
19、r speed.5. Significance and Use5.1 The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oilscorrelates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS appar-ent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flowto the engine oil pump and oil distribution system. Enginecranking data were measured by
20、the Coordinating ResearchCouncil (CRC) L-495test with reference oils that had viscosi-ties between 600 and 8400 mPas (cP) at 17.8C and between2000 and 20 000 mPas (cP) at 28.9C. The detailed relation-ship between this engine cranking data and CCS apparentviscosities is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the
21、 1967 T editionof Test Method D 26026and CRC Report 409.5Because theCRC L-49 test is much less precise and standardized than theCCS procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accuratelypredict the engine cranking behavior of an oil in a specificengine. However, the correlation of CCS apparent visco
22、sitywith average CRC L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory.5.2 The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosityand engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures between 1and 40C by work on 17 commercial engine oils (SAE grades5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and mineral oilbased produ
23、cts were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.75.3 A correlation was established in a low temperatureengine performance study between light duty engine startabil-ity and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten1990s engines at temperatures ranging from 5 down to 40Cwith six commercial engine oils
24、 (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W,20W, and 25W).85.4 The measurement of the cranking viscosity of basestocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use inengine oil formulations.Asignificant number of the calibrationoils for this method are base stocks that could be used in engineoil formulations
25、.6. Apparatus6.1 Two types of apparatus are described for use in this testmethod: the manual cold-cranking simulator (see AppendixX1) and the automated CCS (see 6.2 and 6.3).6.2 Automated CCS,9consisting of a direct current (dc)electric motor that drives a rotor inside a stator; a rotor speedsensor
26、or tachometer that measures rotor speed; a dc ammeterand fine current-control adjust dial; a stator temperature controlsystem that maintains temperature within 0.05C of set point;and a heat removal system with a temperature control system,a computer, computer interface, and test sample injectionpump
27、.6.3 Automatic Automated CCS,9as described in 6.2 with theaddition of an automated sample table allowing multiple testsamples to be run sequentially under computer control withoutoperator attention.6.4 Calibrated Thermistor,9sensor for insertion in a wellnear the inside surface of the stator to indi
28、cate the testtemperature.6.4.1 There must be good thermal contact between thetemperature sensor and the thermal well in the stator; clean thisthermal well periodically and replace the small drop ofhigh-silver-containing heat transfer medium.6.5 Heat Removal System:6.5.1 For stators with coolant cont
29、act, a refrigerator for theliquid coolant is needed to maintain coolant temperature atleast 10C below the test temperature. When the coolanttemperature is below 30C a two-stage refrigeration system islikely needed. The length of the tubing connections betweenthe CCS and the refrigerator should be as
30、 short as possible (lessthan 1 m) and well insulated.6.5.1.1 Coolant, Dry MethanolIf contaminated with wa-ter from operating under high humidity conditions, replace itwith dry methanol to ensure consistent temperature control.6.5.2 For thermoelectric cooled stators, the liquid coolingtemperature of
31、the water or other appropriate liquid used in therefrigeration system (chiller) should be set to approximately5C in order to maintain the sample test temperature. Thecoolant should contain 10 % glycol to prevent blocking of theflow path by ice formation.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Calibration OilsL
32、ow-cloud point Newtonian oilsshall be certified by a laboratory that has been shown to meetthe requirements of ISO 17025 by independent assessment.The calibration oils shall be traceable to master viscometerprocedures described in Test Method D 2162. Approximateviscosities at certain temperatures ar
33、e listed in Table 1, whereasexact viscosities are supplied with each standard.5CRC Report No. 409 “Evaluation of Laboratory Viscometers for PredictingCranking Characteristics of Engine Oils at -0F and -20F,” April 1968 availablefrom the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkw
34、ay,Atlanta, GA 30346.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1402.7Stewart, R. M., “Engine Pumpability and Crankability Tests on Commercial“W” Grade Engine Oils Compared to Bench Test Results,” ASTM STP 621 ASTM1967
35、, 1968. 1969 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Part 17 (Also published as SAEPaper 780369 in SAE Publication SP-429.).8Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1442.9The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to t
36、he committee at this timeis Cannon Instrument Co., State College, PA 16804. Website: www.cannoninstru-. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this informationto ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid-eration at a meeting of the responsible tech
37、nical committee,1which you may attend.D52930812Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Mon Aug 24 03:08:57 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.8. Hazards8.1 Observe both toxicity and flammability warnings thatapply to
38、 the use of methanol or glycol.8.2 If methanol is leaking from the apparatus, repair the leakbefore continuing the test.9. Sampling9.1 To obtain valid results, use an appropriate means of bulksampling (see Practice D 4057) to obtain a representativesample of test oil free from suspended solid materi
39、al and water.When the sample in its container is received below the dewpoint temperature of the room, allow the sample to warm toroom temperature before opening its container. When thesample contains suspended solid material, use centrifuge toremove particles greater than 5 m in size and decant off
40、thesupernate. Filtering is not recommended. DO NOT shake thesample of test oil. This leads to entrainment of air, and a falseviscosity reading.10. Calibration10.1 On start-up of a new instrument or when any part of theviscometric cell or drive component (motor, belt, and so forth)is replaced, set th
41、e motor current as described below. Recheckthe motor current (as described in 10.3) monthly until thechange in motor current in consecutive months is less than0.005 A and every three months thereafter.10.2 Temperature VerificationUsing the temperature veri-fication plugs, verify that the instrument
42、is accurately comput-ing the correct temperature. (Only available on newer modelinstruments.)10.2.1 Unplug thermistor connector from the back paneland insert blue TVP.10.2.2 Enter the TVP resistance for the plug inserted in thesoftware screen ServiceCCS Temperature Verification Ser-vice, and record
43、the difference between the two temperaturewindows.10.2.3 Repeat with second plug.10.2.4 The recorded differences should be less that 0.06C.If they are greater, contact instrument service.10.3 Motor CurrentUse the Set Motor Current option inthe software with CL250 (3500 mPas) calibration oil as thesa
44、mple. This option will cool then soak the sample at testtemperature of 20.0C in the same manner as for a testsample. For a recalibration proceed with 10.3.1. If recheckingmotor current, proceed with 10.3.2.10.3.1 To set the rotor speed, 20 s after the drive motor turnson, monitor the speed reading a
45、nd adjust to 0.240 6 0.001KRPM (displayed as SPEED on the computer monitor) byslowly turning the CURRENTADJUST DIAL. This should becompleted with in 50 to 75 s after the motor begins to turn. Ifmore time is taken, repeat 10.3.10.3.2 When rechecking the motor current, note the speedafter the motor is
46、 on for 5560 s. If the speed is less than 0.005KRPM from 0.240, note the speed and current before continu-ing with normal operation. Alternatively, you can readjustspeed to 0.240 KRPM and note new current setting. Recali-bration is optional unless two consecutive adjustments in motorspeed have been
47、made in one direction since last calibration. Ifrecalibration is not necessary, proceed with Section 11. Other-wise, proceed with 10.4.TABLE 1 Calibration OilsCalibration OilApproximateAViscosity in rnPas at:5C 10C 15C 20C 25C 30C 35CCL080 . . . . . . 900CL090 . . . . . . 1200CL100 (10) . . . . . .
48、1700CL110 . . . . . 1550 2500CL120 (12) . . . . 800 1600 3200CL130 . . . . . 2900 4850CL140 (14) . . . . 1600 3250B7000CCL150 . . . 1700 2700 4600 8050CL160 (16) . . . . 2500 5500 11 000CL170 . . 1450 2250 3700 6300 11 300CL190 (19) . . . 1800 3500B7400C17 000CL200 . . 1677 2650 4300 7550 13 700CL22
49、0 (22) . . 1300 2500 5100 11 000 .CL240 . . 2250 3600 6000 10 700 19 800CL250 (25) . . 1800 3500B7400C17 200 .CL260 . 1750 2700 4400 7500 13 400 .CL280 (28) . 1200 2500 5000 9300 . .CL300 . 2400 3750 6100 10 500 19 300 .CL320 (32) . 1800 3500B7300C15 900 . .CL340 . 2700 4200 7000 12 194 . .CL380 (38) . 2900 5800C13 000 . . .CL420 . 5200 8500 14 405 . . .CL480 (48) 2300 4500B9500 21 000 . . .CL530 . 6000 9843 16 881 . . .CL600 (60) 3700 7400C15 600 . . . .CL680 . 9550 . . . . .CL740 (47) 6000B12 000 . . . . .A
