1、Designation: D5293 101Standard Test Method forApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base StocksBetween 5 and 35C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUpdated Table 1 and 10.6.5 editorially in November 2011.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers t
3、he laboratory determination ofapparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by coldcranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between 5 and35C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Paand shear rates of approximately 105to 104s1for viscositiesof approximately 900 to 25 000 mPas. The
4、range of aninstrument is dependent on the instrument model and softwareversion installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by thismethod are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engineoils.1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement ofhighly viscoelastic oils in manual instrument
5、s. See AppendixX2.1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automateddetermination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using thecold-cranking simulator.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This stan
6、dard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warningstatements
7、are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometersand Viscosity Oil StandardsD2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oilsat Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator3D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Pet
8、roleum andPetroleum Products2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, none that exhibits a constantviscosity at all shear rates.3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, none that exhi
9、bits aviscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.3.1.3 viscosity, h, nthe property of a fluid that determinesits internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:h5tg(1)where:t = the stress per unit area, andg = the rate of shear.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes called the
10、 coefficient ofdynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of theresistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosityis the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarilyused. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipois
11、e).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 apparent viscosity, nthe viscosity obtained by use ofthis test method.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Prope
12、rties.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D529309. DOI:10.1520/D5293-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
13、Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, N
14、Y 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.1.1 DiscussionSince many engine oils are non-Newtonian at low temperature, apparent vis
15、cosity can varywith shear rate.3.2.2 calibration oils, noils with known viscosity andviscosity/temperature functionality that are used to define thecalibration relationship between viscosity and cold-crankingsimulator rotor speed.3.2.3 check oil, na batch of test oil used to monitormeasurement perfo
16、rmance.3.2.4 test oil, nany oil for which the apparent viscosity isto be determined by use of this test method.3.2.5 viscoelastic oil, na non-Newtonian oil or fluid thatclimbs up the rotor shaft during rotation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An electric motor drives a rotor that is closely fittedinsid
17、e a stator. The space between the rotor and stator is filledwith oil. Test temperature is measured near the stator inner walland maintained by removing heat with a controlled process tomaintain a constant stator temperature during test. The speed ofthe rotor is calibrated as a function of viscosity.
18、 Test oilviscosity is determined from this calibration and the measuredrotor speed.5. Significance and Use5.1 The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oilscorrelates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS appar-ent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flowto the engine
19、oil pump and oil distribution system. Enginecranking data were measured by the Coordinating ResearchCouncil (CRC) L-495test with reference oils that had viscosi-ties between 600 and 8400 mPas (cP) at 17.8C and between2000 and 20 000 mPas (cP) at 28.9C. The detailed relation-ship between this engine
20、cranking data and CCS apparentviscosities is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the 1967 T editionof Test Method D26026and CRC Report 409.5Because theCRC L-49 test is much less precise and standardized than theCCS procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accuratelypredict the engine cranking behavior of
21、an oil in a specificengine. However, the correlation of CCS apparent viscositywith average CRC L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory.5.2 The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosityand engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures between 1and 40C by work on 17 commercial engine oils (S
22、AE grades5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and mineral oilbased products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.75.3 A correlation was established in a low temperatureengine performance study between light duty engine startabil-ity and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten1990s engines
23、 at temperatures ranging from 5 down to 40Cwith six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W,20W, and 25W).85.4 The measurement of the cranking viscosity of basestocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use inengine oil formulations.Asignificant number of the calibrationoils fo
24、r this method are base stocks that could be used in engineoil formulations.6. Apparatus6.1 Two types of apparatus are described for use in this testmethod: the manual cold-cranking simulator (see AppendixX1) and the automated CCS (see 6.2 and 6.3).6.2 Automated CCS,9consisting of a direct current (d
25、c)electric motor that drives a rotor inside a stator; a rotor speedsensor or tachometer that measures rotor speed; a dc ammeterand fine current-control adjust dial; a stator temperature controlsystem that maintains temperature within 0.05C of set point;and a heat removal system with a temperature co
26、ntrol system,a computer, computer interface, and test sample injectionpump.6.3 Automatic Automated CCS,9as described in 6.2 with theaddition of an automated sample table allowing multiple testsamples to be run sequentially under computer control withoutoperator attention.6.4 Calibrated Thermistor,9s
27、ensor for insertion in a wellnear the inside surface of the stator to indicate the testtemperature.6.4.1 There must be good thermal contact between thetemperature sensor and the thermal well in the stator; clean thisthermal well periodically and replace the small drop ofhigh-silver-containing heat t
28、ransfer medium.6.5 Heat Removal System:6.5.1 For stators with coolant contact, a refrigerator for theliquid coolant is needed to maintain coolant temperature atleast 10C below the test temperature. When the coolanttemperature is below 30C a two-stage refrigeration system islikely needed. The length
29、of the tubing connections betweenthe CCS and the refrigerator should be as short as possible (lessthan 1 m) and well insulated.6.5.1.1 Coolant, Dry MethanolIf contaminated with wa-ter from operating under high humidity conditions, replace itwith dry methanol to ensure consistent temperature control.
30、6.5.2 For thermoelectric cooled stators, the liquid coolingtemperature of the water or other appropriate liquid used in therefrigeration system (chiller) should be set to approximately5C in order to maintain the sample test temperature. Thecoolant should contain 10 % glycol to prevent blocking of th
31、eflow path by ice formation.5CRC Report No. 409 “Evaluation of Laboratory Viscometers for PredictingCranking Characteristics of Engine Oils at -0F and -20F,” April 1968 availablefrom the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway,Atlanta, GA 30346.6Supporting data have been fi
32、led at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1402.7Stewart, R. M., “Engine Pumpability and Crankability Tests on Commercial“W” Grade Engine Oils Compared to Bench Test Results,” ASTM STP 621 ASTM1967, 1968. 1969 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Part 1
33、7 (Also published as SAEPaper 780369 in SAE Publication SP-429.).8Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1442.9The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Cannon Instrument Co., S
34、tate College, PA 16804. Website: www.cannoninstru-. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this informationto ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid-eration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.D5293 10127. R
35、eagents and Materials7.1 Calibration OilsLow-cloud point Newtonian oilsshall be certified by a laboratory that has been shown to meetthe requirements of ISO 17025 by independent assessment.The calibration oils shall be traceable to master viscometerprocedures described in Test Method D2162. Approxim
36、ateviscosities at certain temperatures are listed in Table 1, whereasexact viscosities are supplied with each standard.8. Hazards8.1 Observe both toxicity and flammability warnings thatapply to the use of methanol or glycol.8.2 If methanol is leaking from the apparatus, repair the leakbefore continu
37、ing the test.9. Sampling9.1 To obtain valid results, use an appropriate means of bulksampling (see Practice D4057) to obtain a representativesample of test oil free from suspended solid material and water.When the sample in its container is received below the dewpoint temperature of the room, allow
38、the sample to warm toroom temperature before opening its container. When thesample contains suspended solid material, use centrifuge toremove particles greater than 5 m in size and decant off thesupernate. Filtering is not recommended. DO NOT shake thesample of test oil. This leads to entrainment of
39、 air, and a falseviscosity reading.10. Calibration10.1 On start-up of a new instrument or when any part of theviscometric cell or drive component (motor, belt, and so forth)is replaced, set the motor current as described below. Recheckthe motor current (as described in 10.3) monthly until thechange
40、in motor current in consecutive months is less than0.005 A and every three months thereafter.10.2 Temperature VerificationUsing the temperature veri-fication plugs, verify that the instrument is accurately comput-ing the correct temperature. (Only available on newer modelinstruments.)10.2.1 Unplug t
41、hermistor connector from the back paneland insert blue TVP.10.2.2 Enter the TVP resistance for the plug inserted in thesoftware screen ServiceCCS Temperature Verification Ser-vice, and record the difference between the two temperaturewindows.10.2.3 Repeat with second plug.10.2.4 The recorded differe
42、nces should be less that 0.06C.If they are greater, contact instrument service.10.3 Motor CurrentUse the Set Motor Current option inthe software with CL250 (3500 mPas) calibration oil as thesample. This option will cool then soak the sample at testtemperature of 20.0C in the same manner as for a tes
43、tsample. For a recalibration proceed with 10.3.1. If recheckingmotor current, proceed with 10.3.2.10.3.1 To set the rotor speed, 20 s after the drive motor turnson, monitor the speed reading and adjust to 0.240 6 0.001TABLE 1 Calibration OilsCalibration OilApproximateAViscosity in mPas at:5C 10C 15C
44、 20C 25C 30C 35CCL080 . . . . . . 900CL090 . . . . . . 1200CL100 (10) . . . . . . 1700CL110 . . . . . 1550 2500CL120 (12) . . . . 800 1600 3200CL130 . . . . . 2900 4850CL140 (14) . . . . 1600 3250B7000CCL150 . . . 1700 2700 4600 8050CL160 (16) . . . . 2500 5500 11 000CL170 . . 1450 2250 3700 6300 11
45、 300CL190 (19) . . . 1800 3500B7400C17 000CL200 . . 1677 2650 4300 7550 13 700CL220 (22) . . 1300 2500 5100 11 000 .CL240 . . 2250 3600 6000 10 700 19 800CL250 (25) . . 1800 3500B7400C17 200 .CL260 . 1750 2700 4400 7500 13 400 .CL280 (28) . 1200 2500 5000 9300 . .CL300 . 2400 3750 6100 10 500 19 300
46、 .CL320 (32) . 1800 3500B7300C15 900 . .CL340 . 2700 4200 7000 12 194 . .CL380 (38) . 2900 5800C13 000 . . .CL420 . 5200 8500 14 405 . . .CL480 (48) 2300 4500B9500 21 000 . . .CL530 . 6000 9843 16 881 . . .CL600 (60) 3700 7400C15 600 . . . .CL680 . 9550 . . . . .CL740 (74) 6000B12 000 . . . . .ACons
47、ult supplier for specific values.BOil to be used for calibration checks with CCS-2B or CCS-4 or 5 with software version 3.x or 5.x.COil to used for calibration checks with CCS-4 or 5 software versions 4.x or 6.x. Editorially corrected.D5293 1013KRPM (displayed as SPEED on the computer monitor) byslo
48、wly turning the CURRENT ADJUST DIAL. This should becompleted with in 50 to 75 s after the motor begins to turn. Ifmore time is taken, repeat 10.3.10.3.2 When rechecking the motor current, note the speedafter the motor is on for 5560 s. If the speed is less than 0.005KRPM from 0.240, note the speed a
49、nd current before continu-ing with normal operation. Alternatively, you can readjustspeed to 0.240 KRPM and note new current setting. Recali-bration is optional unless two consecutive adjustments in motorspeed have been made in one direction since last calibration. Ifrecalibration is not necessary, proceed with Section 11. Other-wise, proceed with 10.4.10.3.3 When rechecking the motor current, and the rotorspeed is found to differ from 0.240 by more than 0.005 KRPM,then readjust rotor speed to 0.240 KRPM,
