1、Designation: D5293 14Standard Test Method forApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base StocksBetween 5 C and 35 C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination ofapparent viscosity of engine
3、oils and base stocks by coldcranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between 5 C and35 C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 Pa to100 000 Pa and shear rates of approximately 105to 104s1forviscosities of approximately 900 mPas to 25 000 mPas. Therange of an instrument is dependent on the instru
4、ment modeland software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosityresults by this method are related to engine-cranking charac-teristics of engine oils.1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement ofhighly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See AppendixX2.1.3 Procedures are provided
5、for both manual and automateddetermination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using thecold-cranking simulator.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesaf
6、ety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warningstatements are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents
7、2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometersand Viscosity Oil StandardsD2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine OilsAt Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator(Withdrawn 1993)3D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products2.
8、2 ISO Standard:ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, none that exhibits a constantviscosity at all shear rates.3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, none that exhibits aviscosity that varies wi
9、th changing shear stress or shear rate.3.1.3 viscosity, ,nthe property of a fluid that determinesits internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by: 5(1)where: = the stress per unit area, and = the rate of shear.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity. Th
10、is coefficient is thus a measure of theresistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosityis the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarilyused. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipoise).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific
11、 to This Standard:3.2.1 apparent viscosity, nthe viscosity obtained by use ofthis test method.3.2.1.1 DiscussionSince many engine oils are non-Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can varywith shear rate.3.2.2 calibration oils, noils with known viscosity andviscosity/temperature function
12、ality that are used to define the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallyapprove
13、d in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5293 101. DOI:10.1520/D5293-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
14、page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
15、Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1calibration relationship between viscosity and cold-crankingsimulator rotor speed.3.2.3 check oil, na batch of test oil used to monitormeasurement performance.3.2.4 test oil, nany oil fo
16、r which the apparent viscosity isto be determined by use of this test method.3.2.5 viscoelastic oil, na non-Newtonian oil or fluid thatclimbs up the rotor shaft during rotation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An electric motor drives a rotor that is closely fittedinside a stator. The space between the
17、rotor and stator is filledwith oil. Test temperature is measured near the stator inner walland maintained by removing heat with a controlled process tomaintain a constant stator temperature during test. The speed ofthe rotor is calibrated as a function of viscosity. Test oilviscosity is determined f
18、rom this calibration and the measuredrotor speed.5. Significance and Use5.1 The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oilscorrelates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS appar-ent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flowto the engine oil pump and oil distribution syst
19、em. Enginecranking data were measured by the Coordinating ResearchCouncil (CRC) L-495test with reference oils that had viscosi-ties between 600 mPas and 8400 mPas (cP) at 17.8 C andbetween 2000 mPas and 20 000 mPas (cP) at 28.9 C. Thedetailed relationship between this engine cranking data andCCS app
20、arent viscosities is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the1967 T edition of Test Method D26026and CRC Report 409.5Because the CRC L-49 test is much less precise and standard-ized than the CCS procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need notaccurately predict the engine cranking behavior of an oil in aspecific e
21、ngine. However, the correlation of CCS apparentviscosity with average CRC L-49 engine cranking results issatisfactory.5.2 The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosityand engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures between1 C and 40 C by work on 17 commercial engine oils (SAEgrades 5W, 10W, 1
22、5W, and 20W). Both synthetic and mineraloil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.75.3 A correlation was established in a low temperatureengine performance study between light duty engine startabil-ity and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten1990s engines at temperatures ra
23、nging from 5 C down to40 C with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W,15W, 20W, and 25W).85.4 The measurement of the cranking viscosity of basestocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use inengine oil formulations.Asignificant number of the calibrationoils for this method ar
24、e base stocks that could be used in engineoil formulations.6. Apparatus6.1 Two types of apparatus are described for use in this testmethod: the manual cold-cranking simulator (see AppendixX1) and the automated CCS (see 6.2 and 6.3).6.2 Automated CCS,9consisting of a direct current (dc)electric motor
25、 that drives a rotor inside a stator; a rotor speedsensor or tachometer that measures rotor speed; a dc ammeterand fine current-control adjust dial; a stator temperature controlsystem that maintains temperature within 0.05 C of set point;and a heat removal system with a temperature control system,a
26、computer, computer interface, and test sample injectionpump.6.3 Automatic Automated CCS,9as described in 6.2 with theaddition of an automated sample table allowing multiple testsamples to be run sequentially under computer control withoutoperator attention.6.4 Calibrated Thermistor,9sensor for inser
27、tion in a wellnear the inside surface of the stator to indicate the testtemperature.6.4.1 There must be good thermal contact between thetemperature sensor and the thermal well in the stator; clean thisthermal well periodically and replace the small drop ofhigh-silver-containing heat transfer medium.
28、6.5 Heat Removal System:6.5.1 For stators with coolant contact, a refrigerator for theliquid coolant is needed to maintain coolant temperature atleast 10 C below the test temperature. When the coolanttemperature is below 30 C a two-stage refrigeration systemis likely needed. The length of the tubing
29、 connections betweenthe CCS and the refrigerator should be as short as possible (lessthan 1 m) and well insulated.6.5.1.1 Coolant, Dry MethanolIf contaminated with waterfrom operating under high humidity conditions, replace it withdry methanol to ensure consistent temperature control.6.5.2 For therm
30、oelectric cooled stators, the liquid coolingtemperature of the water or other appropriate liquid used in therefrigeration system (chiller) should be set to approximately5 C in order to maintain the sample test temperature. Thecoolant should contain 10 % glycol to prevent blocking of theflow path by
31、ice formation.6.6 Ultrasonic Bath, Unheated(optional)with an oper-ating frequency between 25 kHz to 60 kHz and a typical power5CRC Report No. 409 “Evaluation of Laboratory Viscometers for PredictingCranking Characteristics of Engine Oils at -0F and -20F,” April 1968 availablefrom the Coordinating Re
32、search Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway,Atlanta, GA 30346.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1402.7Stewart, R. M., “Engine Pumpability and Crankability Tests on Commercial“W” Grade Engine Oils Compare
33、d to Bench Test Results,” ASTM STP 621 ASTM1967, 1968. 1969 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Part 17 (Also published as SAEPaper 780369 in SAE Publication SP-429.).8Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1442.9The sol
34、e source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Cannon Instrument Co., State College, PA 16804. Website: www.cannoninstru-. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this informationto ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consi
35、d-eration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.D5293 142output of 100 W, of suitable dimensions to hold container(s)placed inside of bath, for use in effectively dissipating andremoving air or gas bubbles that can be entrained in viscoussample types prior to anal
36、ysis. It is permissible to use ultra-sonic baths with operating frequencies and power outputsoutside this range, however it is the responsibility of thelaboratory to conduct a data comparison study to confirm thatresults determined with and without the use of such ultrasonicbaths does not materially
37、 impact results.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Calibration OilsLow-cloud point Newtonian oils shallbe certified by a laboratory that has been shown to meet therequirements of ISO 17025 by independent assessment. Thecalibration oils shall be traceable to master viscometer proce-dures described in Test
38、Method D2162. Approximate viscosi-ties at certain temperatures are listed in Table 1, whereas exactviscosities are supplied with each standard.8. Hazards8.1 Observe both toxicity and flammability warnings thatapply to the use of methanol or glycol.8.2 If methanol is leaking from the apparatus, repai
39、r the leakbefore continuing the test.9. Sampling9.1 To obtain valid results, use an appropriate means of bulksampling (see Practice D4057) to obtain a representativesample of test oil free from suspended solid material and water.When the sample in its container is received below the dewpoint tempera
40、ture of the room, allow the sample to warm toroom temperature before opening its container. When thesample contains suspended solid material, use centrifuge toremove particles greater than 5 m in size and decant off thesupernate. Filtering is not recommended. DO NOT shake thesample of test oil. This
41、 leads to entrainment of air, and a falseviscosity reading.9.2 For some sample types, such as viscous lube oils that areprone to having entrained air or gas bubbles present in thesample, the use of an ultrasonic bath (see 6.6) without theheater turned on (if so equipped), has been found effective in
42、dissipating bubbles typically within 5 min.10. Calibration10.1 On start-up of a new instrument or when any part of theviscometric cell or drive component (motor, belt, and so forth)is replaced, set the motor current as described below. Recheckthe motor current (as described in 10.3) monthly until th
43、echange in motor current in consecutive months is less than0.005 A and every three months thereafter.10.2 Temperature VerificationUsing the temperature veri-fication plugs, verify that the instrument is accurately comput-ing the correct temperature. (Only available on newer modelinstruments.)10.2.1
44、Unplug thermistor connector from the back paneland insert blue TVP.TABLE 1 Calibration OilsCalibration OilApproximateAViscosity in mPas at:5 C 10 C 15 C 20 C 25 C 30 C 35 CCL080 . . . . . . 900CL090 . . . . . . 1200CL100 (10) . . . . . . 1700CL110 . . . . . 1550 2500CL120 (12) . . . . 800 1600 3200C
45、L130 . . . . . 2900 4850CL140 (14) . . . . 1600 3250B7000CCL150 . . . 1700 2700 4600 8050CL160 (16) . . . . 2500 5500 11 000CL170 . . 1450 2250 3700 6300 11 300CL190 (19) . . . 1800 3500B7400C17 000CL200 . . 1677 2650 4300 7550 13 700CL220 (22) . . 1300 2500 5100 11 000 .CL240 . . 2250 3600 6000 10
46、700 19 800CL250 (25) . . 1800 3500B7400C17 200 .CL260 . 1750 2700 4400 7500 13 400 .CL280 (28) . 1200 2500 5000 9300 . .CL300 . 2400 3750 6100 10 500 19 300 .CL320 (32) . 1800 3500B7300C15 900 . .CL340 . 2700 4200 7000 12 194 . .CL380 (38) . 2900 5800C13 000 . . .CL420 . 5200 8500 14 405 . . .CL480
47、(48) 2300 4500B9500 21 000 . . .CL530 . 6000 9843 16 881 . . .CL600 (60) 3700 7400C15 600 . . . .CL680 . 9550 . . . . .CL740 (74) 6000B12 000 . . . . .AConsult supplier for specific values.BOil to be used for calibration checks with CCS-2B or CCS-4 or 5 with software version 3.x or 5.x.COil to used
48、for calibration checks with CCS-4 or 5 software versions 4.x or 6.x.D5293 14310.2.2 Enter the TVP resistance for the plug inserted in thesoftware screen ServiceCCS Temperature VerificationService, and record the difference between the two temperaturewindows.10.2.3 Repeat with second plug.10.2.4 The
49、recorded differences should be less that 0.06 C.If they are greater, contact instrument service.10.3 Motor CurrentUse the Set Motor Current option inthe software with CL250 (3500 mPas) calibration oil as thesample. This option will cool then soak the sample at testtemperature of 20.0 C in the same manner as for a testsample. For a recalibration proceed with 10.3.1. If recheckingmotor current, proceed with 10.3.2.10.3.1 To set the rotor speed, 20 s after the drive motor turnson, monitor the speed
