1、Designation: D 5295 00 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forPreparation of Concrete Surfaces for Adhered (Bonded)Membrane Waterproofing Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5295; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the prepara-tion of concrete surfaces prior to
3、 the application of adhered(bonded) waterproofing.1.2 This guide is directed primarily toward installations ofnew concrete, but is also applicable for existing concreteinstallations. (See also ACI 116 and ACI 546.)1.3 This guide does not apply to loose laid systems, bento-nite systems, lead, or the
4、like.1.4 This guide does not apply to applications involvinginsulating concrete.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wit
5、h its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproof-ingD 4262 Tes
6、t Method for pH of Chemically Cleaned orEtched Concrete SurfacesD 4263 Test Method for Indicating Moisture in Concrete bythe Plastic Sheet Method2.2 ACI Standards:3ACI 116 Cement and Concrete TerminologyACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete for Build-ingsACI 311 Guide to Inspection of Concr
7、eteACI 515 A Guide to the Use of Waterproofing, Dampproof-ing, Protective and Decorative Barrier Systems for Con-creteACI 546 Repair of Concrete3. Significance and Use3.1 The success of a waterproofing application depends on,among other things, the type, smoothness, and cleanliness ofthe concrete su
8、rface being coated. This guide describes condi-tioning or repairing of the concrete surface by the removal orother constructive modification of those surface defects thatcan affect the performance of the waterproofing system. It alsocovers surface preparation by chemical and blast cleaningmethods in
9、 order to provide good adhesion between thewaterproofing system and the concrete as well as the effect andcontrol of various surface contaminants. (See also ACI 515.)3.2 This guide is not intended to offer guidelines for theselection of a suitable waterproofing system; the use of specificapplication
10、 techniques; or the design and installation of flash-ing, terminations, expansion joint details, etc. (For definitionsof terms, see Terminology D 1079.)3.3 The recommended procedures described herein areminimums; the waterproofing materials manufacturer mayrequire more strict or specific procedures
11、for the preparation ofconcrete surfaces for the application of the manufacturersspecific system.4. Adhesion Inhibitors4.1 GeneralAmong the items that inhibit the adhesion ofmembrane waterproofing systems are form release agents,concrete curing compounds, admixtures, laitance, moisture,and grease or
12、oils.4.2 Form release agents, such as oil, grease, wax, andsilicones, will transfer to the surface of the concrete duringcasting. These will cause poor adhesion of waterproofingsystems. Since these are almost invisible, it is difficult to detecttheir presence. Any procedure for the removal of such m
13、ateri-als will be specific to that material. Proprietary form coating1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.22 on Water-proofing and Damproofing Systems.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Publish
14、ed May 2006. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 5295 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
15、Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.materials should be accepted prior to use and after evaluatio
16、nby the specifier to determine that they are appropriate for usewith the proposed waterproofing materials and systems. Pro-prietary paint systems applied to the forms that are non-transferable and formulated to prevent contamination of theconcrete surface should be used.4.3 Concrete curing compounds
17、 may contain waxes, resins,chlorinated rubber, or film formers of various types. If suchmaterials must be used, the specifier should be certain that thematerials can be completely removed or that the waterproofingsystem manufacturer has evaluated them for use with themanufacturers system to determin
18、e that they are acceptable forsuch use. These materials should be accepted prior to use andafter evaluation by the specifier to determine that they areappropriate for use with the proposed waterproofing materialsand system.4.4 Admixtures such as water-immiscible chemical curingagents are sometimes u
19、sed in concrete. These should beavoided unless the specifier has determined that they areacceptable for use with the intended waterproofing materials.These materials should be accepted prior to use and afterevaluation by the specifier to determine that they are appropri-ate for use with the proposed
20、 waterproofing materials andsystem.4.5 Laitance, dust and dirt, moisture, and grease and oil caninhibit or impair adhesion of the waterproofing system. Thesemust be removed; controlled in a manner acceptable to thewaterproofing materials manufacturer; or found by the manu-facturer to be non-detrimen
21、tal to the adhesion and performanceof the waterproofing system to be employed.5. Repair of Surface Defects5.1 GeneralSurface defects that may impair adhesioninclude honeycomb, fins, tie holes, “bug holes,” sharp offsetsfrom displaced forms, rutted cracks, ragged corners, deviationsin the surface pla
22、ne, and other similar concrete defects, alongwith spalling and delaminations of the concrete surface. (Seealso, Concrete Manual.4)5.2 Fins, protrusions, or similar irregularities should be cutback to the surface by chipping, bushhammering, needlegun-ning, or wirebrushing. Avoid polishing of the conc
23、rete surfaceby these techniques.5.3 Sharp offsets in the surface, such as those caused byformwork misalignment, should be cut back to an even surfaceby chipping, bushhammering, needlegunning, wirebrushing, ortransitioning with grout. This could also be performed inaccordance with the applicable prov
24、isions of ACI 301 and 311.Avoid polishing the concrete surface by any of these tech-niques.5.4 Sharp offsets between precast sections should be cor-rected as indicated in 5.5.5.5 Defective concrete areas should be removed down tosound concrete, preferably by chipping; if grinding is neces-sary, care
25、 must be taken to avoid “polishing” the surfaces. Ifsizable areas or amounts of unsound concrete are found, astructural engineer shall specify appropriate corrective action.Cracks exceeding 2 mm (116 in.) should be investigated todetermine whether they are still active. Such cracks should bechipped
26、out before being patched, and edges should beundercut slightly, in accordance with the suggestions andrecommendations of applicable portions of ACI 301 and 311,or as recommended by the manufacturer of the patchingmaterial. No feathered edges shall be permitted. Tie holes and“bug holes” larger than 1
27、6 mm (58 in.) in diameter or deeperthan3mm(18 in.), or both, should be prepared similarly forpatching.5.5.1 The areas to be patched, along with a band at least 150mm (6 in.) wide surrounding it, should be dampened before thepatching application to prevent rapid absorption of water fromthe bonding gr
28、out and the patching mortar, or this can beperformed in accordance with the applicable provisions ofACI 301 and 311.5.5.2 Immediately after the surface water has evaporatedfrom the dampening step, a bonding grout or bond coat,consisting of approximately one part of cement to one part offine sand pas
29、sing No. 30 mesh sieve with an amount of watersufficient to obtain a consistency of thick cream, should bebrushed thoroughly into the surface, or this can be performedin accordance with the applicable provisions of ACI 301 and311.5.5.3 The patching mortar should be made from the samematerials and in
30、 the same proportions as the concrete, with theexception of coarse aggregate. (In any case, use no more thanone part cement to 2.5 parts sand.) Mix the patching mortarthoroughly with an amount of water sufficient only to obtainthe stiffest consistency that will permit placement. Apply themortar as s
31、oon as the bonding coat begins to loose the watersheen. Mortar should be worked thoroughly into place andstruck off slightly higher than the surrounding area to allow forsome initial shrinkage. Such patches should set for at least 1hour before surface finishing and then be damp-cured for sevendays.
32、Any tie holes or “bug holes” should be filled completelywith mortar. This can also be performed in accordance with theapplicable provisions of ACI 301 and 311.5.5.4 Proprietary materials may be used either in lieu of orin addition to the patching materials described in 5.5.3. Suchcompounds must be u
33、sed in accordance with the manufactur-ers instructions. These proprietary materials must be compat-ible with, and not interfere with, adhesion of the waterproofingsystem to be employed. Proprietary patching materials shouldbe accepted prior to use and after evaluation by the specifier todetermine th
34、at they are appropriate for use with the proposedwaterproofing materials and system.6. Surface Preparation6.1 GeneralMost waterproofing systems depend on goodadhesion to the concrete. This, in turn, depends on propersurface preparation. The concrete surfaces must be free ofloose, weak, and unsound m
35、aterials (including laitance), aswell as any chemical contamination that may adversely affectthe bond. Some tests for the adequacy of the surface prepara-tion are reviewed (see also 7.5). The preparation and testing ofthe concrete surfaces could also be performed in accordancewith the applicable pro
36、visions ofACI 301 and 311. When there4Available from U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, Concrete Manual,8th Edition, 1975, pp. 393429.D 5295 00 (2006)2is doubt concerning selection of a cleaning method, a smalltrial installation using one or more cleaning methods followedby a patch test should
37、be performed.6.2 Scraping is a technique used frequently to remove a thin,top layer of unsound concrete, for example, using a straight,flat edge blade to remove laitance. It does not gouge the surfacebut still returns to a sound substrate. It is used instead ofsanding because sanding tends to drive
38、the dust from thesurface into the pores, thereby providing an interfacing orparting film. Cleaning the surface after scraping is usuallyperformed by air blast using oil-free compressed air. If mate-rials do not adhere to such surfaces, a primer will frequently berequired.6.3 Chemical cleaning may be
39、 necessary prior to blastcleaning or acid etching, in order to remove surface contami-nants such as oil, grease, and dirt. Solutions of 10 % causticsoda or of trisodium phosphate may be used as well asproprietary detergents specially formulated for use on concrete.They should be applied with vigorou
40、s scrubbing, followed byflushing with water to remove all traces of both the detergentand the contaminant, until the surface is neutral or only slightlyalkaline, as indicated by litmus or pH paper. Solvents must beavoided because they dissolve the oil, grease, etc. and spreadthe contamination over a
41、 larger area.6.4 Mechanical cleaning procedures are normally consid-ered to be scarification and blast cleaning.6.4.1 Scarification by a mechanical impacting device is usedon concrete surfaces to remove thick overlays of dirt or weaksurface material. After scarification, water or sand-blasting isreq
42、uired to remove aggregates weakened by mechanical im-pacting. If the scarification process produces a surface toocoarse or too uneven for proper adhesion, it should be madesmooth with patching mortar.6.4.2 Blast cleaning is an effective method for the removalof laitance, dirt, efflorescence, and wea
43、k surface material.There are three types of blast cleaning methods: dry sandblast-ing, wet sandblasting, and high-pressure water jetting. Dry andwet sandblasting are usually the most effective. Abrasivecleaning techniques can also be used, provided the abrasiveused does not contaminate the surface b
44、eing prepared. Oils orgreases should be removed prior to blast cleaning. If com-pressed air is used, it must be clean and free of water or oil.Care must be exercised to ensure that clean water is used forwet-blast cleaning. The concrete surface should be abraded inthe blasting step to the extent tha
45、t small aggregate particles areexposed. The amount removed should be sufficient to providea strong, sound substrate suitable for the application ofwaterproofing.6.5 Acid Etching:6.5.1 GeneralAcid etching procedures may be used inlieu of mechanical cleaning procedures; however, mechanicalabrading met
46、hods are preferred to acid etching because ofpossible chloride ion contamination (and resultant deteriora-tion) of the concrete unless extreme care is taken and becauseacid etching is not as dependable as mechanical abrasion.Because of these factors and the potential hazards involvedwith the use of
47、acid, as well as cleanup and environmentalconsiderations, such cleaning should be used only where noalternative means of cleaning are possible and should beperformed only by those experienced in its use.6.5.2 A 10/90 to 20/80 dilution of commercial grade hydro-chloric acid in water is typically prep
48、ared and applied to theconcrete at a rate of 1.0 L/m2(1 qt/yd2). The surface to beetched is normally predampened to obtain a more uniform acidetch. The acid solution is scrubbed into the surface. Foamingwill subside in 3 to 5 min, after which the surface should beflushed thoroughly with fresh water
49、while scrubbing with stiffbristle brushes, in order to remove the salts formed by the acidreaction and to dislodge loose particles. A second treatmentmay be necessary to obtain a reasonably clean surface. Whenthe presence of chlorides is inadvisable (due to effects onconcrete or reinforcing steel), a 15 % phosphoric acid solutionshould be used. The application and washing techniques are thesame. The efficacy of the flushing operation should be verifiedat a number of points within the area treated by placing litmusor pH paper on the wet surface to determine that the surface
