1、Designation: D5364 081An American National StandardStandard Guide forDesign, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced(FRP) Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5364; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTETable 1 and Figure 1 were editorially corrected in March 20
3、10.INTRODUCTIONFederal and state environmental regulations have imposed strict requirements to clean the gasesleaving a chimney. These regulations have resulted in taller chimneys (6001000 ft (183305 m) andlower gas temperatures (120200F (4993C) due to the use of Air Quality Compliance Systems(ACQS)
4、. These regulations led to the development of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) chimney linersin the 1970s.Fiberglass-reinforced plastic liners have proven their capability to resist corrosion and carry loadsover long periods of time. Successful service has been demonstrated in the utility and general
5、-processindustries for over 40 years. The taller FRPstructures and larger diameters (1030 ft (39 m) imposednew design, fabrication, and erection challenges.The design, fabrication, and erection of FRP liners involves disciplines which must address thespecific characteristics of the material. Areas t
6、hat have been shown to be of importance include thefollowing:(1) Flue-gas characteristics such as chemical composition, water and acid dew points, operating andexcursion temperature, velocity, etc.(2) Plant operation as it relates to variations in the flue-gas characteristics.(3) Material selection
7、and laminate design.(4) Quality control throughout the design, fabrication, and erection process to ensure the integrityof the corrosion barrier and the structural laminate.(5) Secondary bonding of attachments, appurtenances, and joints.(6) Installation and handling.(7) Inspections and Confirmation
8、Testing.Chimney components include an outer shell, one or more inner liners, breeching ductwork, andmiscellaneous platforms, elevators, ladders, and miscellaneous components. The shell providesstructural integrity to environmental forces such as wind, earthquake, ambient temperatures, andsupports th
9、e liner or liners. The liner or liners inside the shell protects the shell from the thermal,chemical, and abrasive environment of the hot boiler gases (generally 120560F (49293C). Theseliners have been made of FRP, acid-resistant brick, carbon steel, stainless steel, high-alloy steel,shotcrete-coate
10、d steel, and shotcrete-coated shells. The selection of the material type depends on thechemical composition and temperature of the flue gas, liner height, diameter, and seismic zone. Also,variations in flue-gas characteristics and durations of transient temperatures affect material selectionand desi
11、gn. For FRP liners, the flue gas maximum operating temperature is generally limited to 200F(90C) for 2 hours and for maximum transient temperatures to 400F (204C) for 30 minutes.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D2
12、0.23 on Reinforced Plastic PipingSystems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5364 93 (2002).DOI: 10.1520/D5364-08.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C70
13、0, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1. Scope1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the userconcerning available techniques and methods for design, ma-terial selection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatorytesting, quality control and assurance.1.2 These minimum guid
14、elines, when properly used andimplemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure forthe industry.1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the properdesign of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative tothermal, chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Dueto the variabilit
15、y in liner height, diameter, and the environment,each liner must be designed and detailed individually.1.4 Selection of the necessary resins and reinforcements,composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods areoffered.1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed,procedures for p
16、roper fabrication of the liner are developed.1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-joint preparation, and alignment are reviewed.1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developedfor the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-assurance program defines the
17、proper authority and responsi-bility, control of design, material, fabrication and erection,inspection procedures, tolerances, and conformity to standards.The quality-control procedures provide the steps required toimplement the quality-assurance program.1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and develop
18、ment sub-jects to further support recommendations of this guide.1.9 DisclaimerThe reader is cautioned that independentprofessional judgment must be exercised when data or recom-mendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publicationof the material contained herein is not intended as a repres
19、en-tation or warranty on the part ofASTM that this information issuitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infringe-ment of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of thisinformation assumes all liability arising from such use. Thedesign of structures is within the scope of expertise
20、of alicensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed profes-sional for the application of principles to a particular structure.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be re-garded as standard. The values given in parentheses
21、 aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate saf
22、ety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.SectionIntroduction and BackgroundScope and Objective 1Referenced Documents 2ASTM Standards 2.1 2.1ACI Standard 2.2NFPA Standard 2.3ASME Standards 2.4Terminology 3ASTM Standard General Definitions 3.1App
23、licable Definitions 3.2Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.3Symbols 3.4Significance and Use 4Service and Operating Environments 5Service Conditions 5.1Environmental Severity 5.2Chemical Environment 5.3Erosion/Abrasion Environment 5.4Operating Temperature Environment 5.5Abnormal Environ
24、ments 5.6Other Operating and Service Environments 5.7Static Electricity Build-Up 5.8Flame Spread 5.9Materials 6Raw Materials 6.1Laminate Composition 6.2Laminate Properties 6.3Design 7Design 7.1Assumptions 7.2Dead Loads 7.3Wind Loads 7.4Earthquake Loads 7.5Thermal Loads 7.6Circumferential Pressure Lo
25、ads 7.7Load Factors 7.8Resistance Factors 7.9Loading Combinations 7.10Allowable Longitudinal Stresses 7.11Allowable Circumferential Stresses 7.12Design Limits 7.13Tolerances 7.14Deflections 7.15Critical Deign Considerations and Details 7.16Fabrication 8Fabrication 8.1Reponsibility of Fabricator 8.2F
26、abrication Facility 8.3General Construction 8.4Fabrication Equipment 8.5Resin Systems 8.6Reinforcement 8.7Fabrication Procedures 8.8Handling and Transportation 8.9Erection Appurtenances 8.10Tolerances 8.11Erection of FRP Liners 9Erection Scheme and Sequence 9.1Handling and Storage on Site 9.2Erectio
27、n Appurtenances 9.3Field Joints 9.4Field Joints Lamination Procedure 9.5Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10.1Quality-Assurance Program 10.2Quality-Assurance Surveillance 10.3Inspections 10.4Submittals 10.5Operation Maintenance and Start-Up Procedures 11In
28、itial Start-Up 11.1Operation and Maintenance 11.2AnnexTypical Inspection Checklist Annex A1AppendixCommentary Appendix X1References2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:22For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
29、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D5364 0812C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal
30、 TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance ofThermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedStructures Intended for Liquid ServiceC582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Ther-mosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Co
31、rrosion-ResistantEquipmentD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of PlasticsUnder Flexural Load in the Edgewise PositionD695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlasticsD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Rei
32、nforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2393 Test Method for Viscosity of Epoxy Resins andRelated Components3D2471 Practice for Gel Time and Peak Exothermic Tem-perature of Reacting Thermosetting Resins3D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of R
33、igidPlastics by Means of a Barcol ImpressorD2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResinsD3299 Specification for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant TanksD4398 Test Method for Determining the Chemical Resis-tance of Fiberglass-Reinforced Thermoset
34、ting Resins byOne-Side Panel ExposureE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of SolidMaterials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer2.2 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard:ACI Standard 307 Specification for the Design and Con
35、-struction of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys42.3 NFPA Standard:NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity52.4 ASME Standards:Section X Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels6RTP-1 Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion ResistantEquipment63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terms used i
36、n this guide are from Terminology D883unless otherwise indicated in section 3.2.3.2 The following applicable definitions in this guide areprovided for reference:3.2.1 acceleratora material added to the resin to increasethe rate of polymerization (curing).3.2.2 axialin the direction of the axis (leng
37、thwise center-line) of the equipment.3.2.3 Barcol hardnessmeasurement of the degree of cureby means of resin hardness. The Barcol impressor is theinstrument used (see Test Method D2583).3.2.4 binderchemical treatment applied to the randomarrangement of glass fibers to give integrity to mats. Specifi
38、cbinders are utilized to promote chemical compatibility withvarious laminating resins used.3.2.5 blisterrefer to Terminology D883.3.2.6 bondingjoining of two or more parts by adhesiveforces.3.2.7 bond strengthforce per unit area (psi) necessary torupture a bond in interlaminar shear.3.2.8 bucklinga
39、mode of failure characterized by anunstable lateral deflection due to compressive action on thestructural element involved.3.2.9 burned areasareas of laminate showing evidence ofdecomposition (for example, discoloration and cracking) dueto excessive resin exotherm.3.2.10 burn out (burn off)thermal d
40、ecomposition of theorganic materials (resin and binders) from a laminate specimenin order to determine the weight percent and laminationsequence of the glass reinforcement.3.2.11 catalystan organic peroxide material used to acti-vate the polymerization of the resin.3.2.12 chopped-strand matreinforce
41、ment made from ran-domly oriented glass strands that are held together in a matform by means of a binder.3.2.13 chopper guna machine used to cut continuousfiberglass roving to predetermined lengths usually 0.52 in.(1351 mm) and propel the cut strands to the mold surface. Inthe spray-up process, a ca
42、talyzed resin is deposited simulta-neously on the mold. When interspersed layers are provided infilament winding, the resin spray is not used.3.2.14 contact moldingprocess for molding reinforcedplastics in which reinforcement and resin are placed on an openmold or mandrel. Cure is without applicatio
43、n of pressure;includes both hand-lay-up and spray-up.3.2.15 corrosion barrierthe integral inner barrier of thelaminate which is made from resin, veil, and chopped mat.3.2.16 coveragesee winding cycle.3.2.17 crazingthe formation of tiny hairline cracks invarying degrees throughout the resin matrix, p
44、articularly inresin-rich areas.3.2.18 cut edgeend of a laminate resulting from cuttingthat is not protected by a corrosion barrier.3.2.19 delaminationphysical separation or loss of bondbetween laminate plies.3.2.20 dry spotan area where the reinforcement fibershave not been sufficiently wetted with
45、resin.3.2.21 edge sealingapplication of reinforcement andresin, or resin alone, to seal cut edges and provide a corrosion-resistant barrier. The final layer should be paraffinated.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available fromAmerican C
46、oncrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.5Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.6Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational
47、 Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.D5364 08133.2.22 entrapped-air voidsee void.3.2.23 environmentstate of the surroundings in contactwith the internal and external surfaces, including the tempera-ture, pressure, chemical exposure, relative humidity, and pres-
48、ence of liquids or gases.3.2.24 exothermevolution of heat by the resin during thepolymerization reaction.3.2.25 exotherm plythat ply of chopped mat at which thelamination process is stopped to allow gelation and exothermof the existing laminate.3.2.26 fabricatorthe producer of the equipment who com-
49、bines resin and reinforcing fibers to produce the final product.3.2.27 fatiguethe change in properties of the laminateover time under cycling of loads, including mechanical,temperature, and other environmental exposures.3.2.28 fiber(glass)a fine, continuously formed thread ofglass. E-glass is used for strength and durability, E-CR-glass isa modified E-glass with improved corrosion resistance to mostacids, and C-glass is resistant to corrosion by most acids.3.2.29 fiberglass rovingsee roving.3.2.30 fiberglass woven rov
