1、Designation: D 5372 04An American National StandardStandard Guide forEvaluation of Hydrocarbon Heat Transfer Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5372; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope21.1 This guide provides information, without specific limits,for selecting standard test methods for testing heat t
3、ransferfluids for quality and aging. These test methods are consideredparticularly useful in characterizing hydrocarbon heat transferfluids in closed systems.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum ProductsD 91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of
4、 LubricatingOilsD 92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD 97 Test Methods for Pour Point of Petroleum OilsD 189 Te
5、st Method for Conradson Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of DynamicViscosity)D 471 Test Method for Rubber Property-Effect of LiquidsD 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD
6、664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD 893 Test Method for Insolubles in Used Lubricating OilsD 1160 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Productsat Reduced PressureD 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of C
7、rude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (ASTM Color Scale)D 2160 Test Method for Thermal Stability of HydraulicFluids4D 2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 and 100CD 2717 Test M
8、ethod for Thermal Conductivity of LiquidsD 2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and SolidsD 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD 3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability ofAviation Turbine Fuels (JFTOT Procedure)D 4530 Test Met
9、hod for Carbon Residue (Micro Method)D 6743 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Organic HeatTransfer FluidsE 659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of LiquidChemicalsG 4 Guide for Conducting Corrosion Tests in Field Appli-cations3. Terminology3.1 Description of Term Specific to This Standard:
10、3.1.1 heat transfer fluida petroleum oil or related hydro-carbon material which remains essentially a liquid whiletransferring heat to or from an apparatus or process. Smallpercentages of nonhydrocarbon components such as antioxi-dants and dispersants can be present.4. Significance and Use4.1 The si
11、gnificance of each test method will depend uponthe system in use and the purpose of the test method as listedunder Section 5. Use the most recent editions of ASTM testmethods.5. Recommended Test Procedures5.1 Pumpability of the Fluid:5.1.1 Flash Point, closed cup (Test Method D 93)Thistest method wi
12、ll detect low flash ends which are one cause ofcavitation during pumping. In closed systems, especially whenfluids are exposed to temperatures of 225C (approximately1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Sub
13、committee D02.L0 onIndustrial Lubricants.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 537293 (1998).2The background for this standard was developed by a questionnaire circulatedby ASTM-ASLE technical division L-VI-
14、2 and reported in Lubrication Engineer-ing, Vol 32, No. 8, August 1976, pp. 411416.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
15、ge onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.400F) or higher, the formation of volatile hydrocarbons bybreakdown of the oil may require venting through a pressurerelief system to prevent dangerous
16、pressure build-up.5.1.2 Pour Point (Test Method D 97)The pour point canbe used as an approximate guide to the minimum temperaturefor normal pumping and as a general indication of fluid typeand low temperature properties. Should a heat transfer systembe likely to be subjected to low temperatures when
17、 not in use,the system should be trace heated to warm the fluid aboveminimum pumping temperature before start-up.5.1.3 Viscosity (Test Method D 445)Fluid viscosity is ofimportance in the determination of Reynolds and Prandtlnumbers for heat transfer systems, to estimate fluid turbulence,heat transfe
18、r coefficient, and heat flow. Generally, a fluid that isabove approximately 200 centistokes is difficult to pump. Thepump and system design will determine the viscosity limitrequired for pumping. The construction of a viscosity/temperature curve using determined viscosities can be used toestimate mi
19、nimum pumping temperature.5.1.4 Specific Gravity (Test Method D 1298)Hydraulicshock during pumping has been predicted via the use of acombination of density and compressibility data.5.1.5 Water Content (Test Method D 95)The water con-tent of a fresh heat transfer fluid can be used to indicate howlon
20、g the heat transfer system must be dried out duringcommissioning, while raising the bulk oil temperature throughthe 100C plus region, with venting, before the system can besafely used at higher temperatures. The expansion tank shouldbe full during the operations to ensure that moisture is safelyvent
21、ed in the lowest pressure part of the systems. Positivenitrogen pressure on the heat exchange systems will minimizeentry of air or moisture. Heat transfer systems operating attemperatures of 120 or greater must, for reasons of safety, bedry, because destructive high pressures are generated whenwater
22、 enters the high temperature sections of the system.Heating the oil before it is placed in service also removes mostof the dissolved air in the oil. If not removed, the air can causepump cavitation. The air can also accumulate in stagnant partsof the system at high pressure and could cause an explos
23、ion.5.2 Safety in Use:5.2.1 Autoignition Temperature (Test Method E 659)Theabove test relates to the autoignition temperature of a bulkfluid. Hydrocarbon fluids absorbed on porous inert surfaces canignite at temperatures more than 50C (approximately 100F)lower than indicated by Test Method E 659. An
24、 open flame willignite leaking hydrocarbon fluids exposed on a porous surfaceat any temperature.5.2.2 Flash Point (Test Methods D 92 and D 93)Someheat transfer fluids are volatile and present a fire hazard atslightly elevated temperatures, or even below 25C (77F).5.3 Effect on Equipment:5.3.1 Effect
25、 on Rubber or Elastomeric Seals (Test MethodD 471) Most seals in heat exchange equipment are made ofsteel or other metal. If rubber seals are present, it is desirableto maintain rubber swelling in the range of 1 to 5 % to preventleakage because of poor seal contact. Seals may degrade insome fluids.
26、As an oil deteriorates in service, additional testsmay be required to assure that seals remain compatible with thealtered oil. The temperature ranges of the tests should corre-spond to temperatures to which seals will be exposed inservice.5.3.2 Corrosion (Guide G 4)The above tests concernselection o
27、f materials of construction with fluids usable for heattransfer systems. Guide G 4 uses test metal specimens fixedwithin the stream of test fluid under use. The specimens andconditions for test must be specified for each system.5.4 Effciency:5.4.1 Thermal Conductivity (Test Method D 2717) and Spe-ci
28、fic Heat (Test Method D 2766)These thermal conductivityand specific heat tests are difficult to carry out, facilities forperforming them are few, and the precision data is yet to beestablished. Values can be estimated for design use from thegeneral chemical composition. Differences contribute to eff
29、i-ciency to a lesser degree than values such as viscosity, moisturecontamination, and other measurable values in 5.1 and 5.5 ofthis guide. The values for thermal conductivity and specificheat may be available from the fluid supplier.55.5 Service Life:5.5.1 Thermal Stability, Laboratory Tests6Thermal
30、 stabil-ity is here defined as the resistance of a hydrocarbon liquid topermanent changes in properties that make it a less efficientheat transfer fluid. These changes may be related to alterationsin the liquids properties, such as viscosity, or to the tendencyto foul heat exchanger surfaces with in
31、sulating deposits.Normally, testing should be done in the absence of air andmoisture to stimulate “tight” systems. The test may be usefulfor assessing the remaining service life of a used fluid, or itmay be used to compare the expected service life of competi-tive new heat transfer fluids.5.5.2 The
32、following test methods can be used to determinethe change in values between new and used fluids, or betweena fluid before and after subjection to a laboratory thermalstability test. These test methods have been found especiallyuseful for determining the end of a fluids service life when anidentical
33、fluid has been monitored with the same tests through-out its service life. These test methods can also detect leakageof foreign material into the heat transfer fluid.5.5.2.1 Precipitation Number (Test Method D 91) and In-solubles (Test Method D 893)These test methods determinethe extent to which ins
34、olubles that may contribute to fouling ofmetal surfaces are increasing.5.5.2.2 Flash Point (Test Methods D 92 and D 93)Alowering of flash point is indicative of thermal cracking toproduce lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. A rapid in-crease may indicate that fluid is being exposed to excessivetemp
35、eratures.5.5.2.3 Carbon Residue (Test Methods D 189, D 524, andD 4530)An increase of carbon residue during service pro-vides an indication of the fluids tendency to form carbon-aceous deposits. These deposits, which may impair heattransfer, are caused by precipitation of high molecular weightmateria
36、ls produced by thermal cracking of the fluid.5Useful estimates may be obtained from sources such as the “Technical DataBook, Petroleum Refining,” American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., N.W,Washington, DC 2000054070.6Test Method D 6743 measures thermal stability of organic heat transfer fluids.D53
37、720425.5.2.4 Viscosity (Test Method D 445)An increase inviscosity may reduce the fluids ability to transfer heat (see5.1.3). Cracking of hydrocarbons in high temperature servicein closed systems often causes a decrease in viscosity. Thus achange in viscosity taken by itself is insufficient to judge
38、theperformance of a fluid in service.5.5.2.5 Distillation (Test Methods D 86, D 1160, andD 2887)Distillation can show directly the percentage of afluid that has cracked into lower boiling products or has beenconverted into higher boiling products. Distillation data canserve as the sole criterion for
39、 changing a heat transfer fluid.5.5.2.6 Neutralization Number (Test Method D 664)Amarked increase in neutralization number is a warning ofoxidation in the system, which may be the result of leaks. Inhigh-temperature service (200C, approximately 400F), or-ganic acids may decompose, and the use of inf
40、rared analysesmay serve as a more reliable method for detection of oxidation.5.5.2.7 Color (Test Method D 1500)In itself, color is notimportant, but may be the initial indication of chemicalchanges in the heat transfer system.5.5.2.8 Viscosity Index (Test Method D 2270)The viscos-ity index of a flui
41、d may change during service. Generally, theviscosity of a heat transfer fluid is not measured at theoperating temperature (see 5.5.2.4). If the viscosity index ofnew and used fluids are known, the viscosities at operatingtemperature can be estimated and compared.5.5.2.9 Water Content (Test Method D
42、95)Small amountsof water present in heat transfer systems may cause corrosion,high pressures, or pump cavitation.6. Keywords6.1 characterization; heat transfer fluid; heat transfer oil;heat transfer systemASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in c
43、onnection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the resp
44、onsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive carefu
45、l consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,
46、 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D5372043
