1、Designation: D 5372 04 (Reapproved 2009)An American National StandardStandard Guide forEvaluation of Hydrocarbon Heat Transfer Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5372; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope21.1 This guide provides information, without specific limits,for selecting standard test methods f
3、or testing heat transferfluids for quality and aging. These test methods are consideredparticularly useful in characterizing hydrocarbon heat transferfluids in closed systems.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD91 T
4、est Method for Precipitation Number of LubricatingOilsD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pou
5、r Point of Petroleum ProductsD 189 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Car
6、bon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD 893 Test Method for Insolubles in Used Lubricating OilsD 1160 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Productsat Reduced PressureD 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Spec
7、ificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (ASTM Color Scale)D 2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 and 100CD 2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductiv
8、ity of LiquidsD 2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and SolidsD 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD 4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue(Micro Method)D 6743 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Organic HeatTransfer Fl
9、uidsE 659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of LiquidChemicalsG4 Guide for Conducting Corrosion Tests in Field Appli-cations3. Terminology3.1 Description of Term Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 heat transfer fluida petroleum oil or related hydro-carbon material which remains essentially a liq
10、uid whiletransferring heat to or from an apparatus or process. Smallpercentages of nonhydrocarbon components such as antioxi-dants and dispersants can be present.4. Significance and Use4.1 The significance of each test method will depend uponthe system in use and the purpose of the test method as li
11、stedunder Section 5. Use the most recent editions of ASTM testmethods.5. Recommended Test Procedures5.1 Pumpability of the Fluid:5.1.1 Flash Point, closed cup (Test Method D 93)This testmethod will detect low flash ends which are one cause ofcavitation during pumping. In closed systems, especially w
12、henfluids are exposed to temperatures of 225C (approximately400F) or higher, the formation of volatile hydrocarbons by1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.L0.06on Non-Lubricating Process F
13、luids.Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published July 2009. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 5372 04.2The background for this standard was developed by a questionnaire circulatedby ASTM-ASLE technical division L-VI-2 and reported in Lubrication Engineer
14、-ing, Vol 32, No. 8, August 1976, pp. 411416.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM
15、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.breakdown of the oil may require venting through a pressurerelief system to prevent dangerous pressure build-up.5.1.2 Pour Point (Test Method D 97)The pour point canbe used as an approximate guide to t
16、he minimum temperaturefor normal pumping and as a general indication of fluid typeand low temperature properties. Should a heat transfer systembe likely to be subjected to low temperatures when not in use,the system should be trace heated to warm the fluid aboveminimum pumping temperature before sta
17、rt-up.5.1.3 Viscosity (Test Method D 445)Fluid viscosity is ofimportance in the determination of Reynolds and Prandtlnumbers for heat transfer systems, to estimate fluid turbulence,heat transfer coefficient, and heat flow. Generally, a fluid that isabove approximately 200 centistokes is difficult to
18、 pump. Thepump and system design will determine the viscosity limitrequired for pumping. The construction of a viscosity/temperature curve using determined viscosities can be used toestimate minimum pumping temperature.5.1.4 Specific Gravity (Test Method D 1298)Hydraulicshock during pumping has been
19、 predicted via the use of acombination of density and compressibility data.5.1.5 Water Content (Test Method D 95)The water con-tent of a fresh heat transfer fluid can be used to indicate howlong the heat transfer system must be dried out duringcommissioning, while raising the bulk oil temperature th
20、roughthe 100C plus region, with venting, before the system can besafely used at higher temperatures. The expansion tank shouldbe full during the operations to ensure that moisture is safelyvented in the lowest pressure part of the systems. Positivenitrogen pressure on the heat exchange systems will
21、minimizeentry of air or moisture. Heat transfer systems operating attemperatures of 120 or greater must, for reasons of safety, bedry, because destructive high pressures are generated whenwater enters the high temperature sections of the system.Heating the oil before it is placed in service also rem
22、oves mostof the dissolved air in the oil. If not removed, the air can causepump cavitation. The air can also accumulate in stagnant partsof the system at high pressure and could cause an explosion.5.2 Safety in Use:5.2.1 Autoignition Temperature (Test Method E 659)Theabove test relates to the autoig
23、nition temperature of a bulkfluid. Hydrocarbon fluids absorbed on porous inert surfaces canignite at temperatures more than 50C (approximately 100F)lower than indicated by Test Method E 659.An open flame willignite leaking hydrocarbon fluids exposed on a porous surfaceat any temperature.5.2.2 Flash
24、Point (Test Methods D 92 and D 93)Someheat transfer fluids are volatile and present a fire hazard atslightly elevated temperatures, or even below 25C (77F).5.3 Effect on Equipment:5.3.1 Effect on Rubber or Elastomeric Seals (Test MethodD 471) Most seals in heat exchange equipment are made ofsteel or
25、 other metal. If rubber seals are present, it is desirableto maintain rubber swelling in the range of 1 to 5 % to preventleakage because of poor seal contact. Seals may degrade insome fluids. As an oil deteriorates in service, additional testsmay be required to assure that seals remain compatible wi
26、th thealtered oil. The temperature ranges of the tests should corre-spond to temperatures to which seals will be exposed inservice.5.3.2 Corrosion (Guide G 4)The above tests concernselection of materials of construction with fluids usable for heattransfer systems. Guide G4uses test metal specimens f
27、ixedwithin the stream of test fluid under use. The specimens andconditions for test must be specified for each system.5.4 Effciency:5.4.1 Thermal Conductivity (Test Method D 2717) and Spe-cific Heat (Test Method D 2766)These thermal conductivityand specific heat tests are difficult to carry out, fac
28、ilities forperforming them are few, and the precision data is yet to beestablished. Values can be estimated for design use from thegeneral chemical composition. Differences contribute to effi-ciency to a lesser degree than values such as viscosity, moisturecontamination, and other measurable values
29、in 5.1 and 5.5 ofthis guide. The values for thermal conductivity and specificheat may be available from the fluid supplier.45.5 Service Life:5.5.1 Thermal Stability, Laboratory Tests5Thermal stabil-ity is here defined as the resistance of a hydrocarbon liquid topermanent changes in properties that m
30、ake it a less efficientheat transfer fluid. These changes may be related to alterationsin the liquids properties, such as viscosity, or to the tendencyto foul heat exchanger surfaces with insulating deposits.Normally, testing should be done in the absence of air andmoisture to stimulate “tight” syst
31、ems. The test may be usefulfor assessing the remaining service life of a used fluid, or itmay be used to compare the expected service life of competi-tive new heat transfer fluids.5.5.2 The following test methods can be used to determinethe change in values between new and used fluids, or betweena f
32、luid before and after subjection to a laboratory thermalstability test. These test methods have been found especiallyuseful for determining the end of a fluids service life when anidentical fluid has been monitored with the same tests through-out its service life. These test methods can also detect
33、leakageof foreign material into the heat transfer fluid.5.5.2.1 Precipitation Number (Test Method D91) and In-solubles (Test Method D 893)These test methods determinethe extent to which insolubles that may contribute to fouling ofmetal surfaces are increasing.5.5.2.2 Flash Point (Test Methods D 92 a
34、nd D 93)Alowering of flash point is indicative of thermal cracking toproduce lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. A rapid in-crease may indicate that fluid is being exposed to excessivetemperatures.5.5.2.3 Carbon Residue (Test Methods D 189, D 524, andD 4530)An increase of carbon residue during serv
35、ice pro-vides an indication of the fluids tendency to form carbon-aceous deposits. These deposits, which may impair heattransfer, are caused by precipitation of high molecular weightmaterials produced by thermal cracking of the fluid.4Useful estimates may be obtained from sources such as the “Techni
36、cal DataBook, Petroleum Refining,” American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., N.W,Washington, DC 2000054070.5Test Method D 6743 measures thermal stability of organic heat transfer fluids.D 5372 04 (2009)25.5.2.4 Viscosity (Test Method D 445)An increase in vis-cosity may reduce the fluids ability to t
37、ransfer heat (see 5.1.3).Cracking of hydrocarbons in high temperature service in closedsystems often causes a decrease in viscosity. Thus a change inviscosity taken by itself is insufficient to judge the performanceof a fluid in service.5.5.2.5 Distillation (Test Methods D86, D 1160, andD 2887)Disti
38、llation can show directly the percentage of afluid that has cracked into lower boiling products or has beenconverted into higher boiling products. Distillation data canserve as the sole criterion for changing a heat transfer fluid.5.5.2.6 Neutralization Number (Test Method D 664)Amarked increase in
39、neutralization number is a warning ofoxidation in the system, which may be the result of leaks. Inhigh-temperature service (200C, approximately 400F), or-ganic acids may decompose, and the use of infrared analysesmay serve as a more reliable method for detection of oxidation.5.5.2.7 Color (Test Meth
40、od D 1500)In itself, color is notimportant, but may be the initial indication of chemicalchanges in the heat transfer system.5.5.2.8 Viscosity Index (Test Method D 2270)The viscos-ity index of a fluid may change during service. Generally, theviscosity of a heat transfer fluid is not measured at theo
41、perating temperature (see 5.5.2.4). If the viscosity index ofnew and used fluids are known, the viscosities at operatingtemperature can be estimated and compared.5.5.2.9 Water Content (Test Method D 95)Small amountsof water present in heat transfer systems may cause corrosion,high pressures, or pump
42、 cavitation.6. Keywords6.1 characterization; heat transfer fluid; heat transfer oil;heat transfer systemASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that
43、determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapprove
44、d or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel
45、 that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 5372 04 (2009)3
