1、Designation: D 5387 93 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forElements of a Complete Data Set for Non-CohesiveSediments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5387; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers criteria for a complete sediment dataset.1.2 This guide provides guidelines for the collection
3、 ofnon-cohesive sediment alluvial data.1.3 This guide describes what parameters should be mea-sured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulicdata set that could be used to compute sediment transport usingany prominently known sediment-transport equations.1.4 This standard does not purpo
4、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 11
5、29 Terminology Relating to WaterD 4410 Terminology for Fluvial SedimentD 4411 Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in MotionD 4822 Guide for Selection of Methods of Particle SizeAnalysis of Fluvial Sediments (Manual Methods)D 4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated Sediments3. Termino
6、logy3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology D 1129 and D 4410.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 diameter, intermediate axisthe diameter of a sedi-ment particle determined by direct measurement of the axisnormal to a plane containing the
7、longest and shortest axes.3.2.2 diameter, nominalthe diameter of a sphere of thesame volume as the given particle (1).33.2.3 diameter, sievethe size of sieve opening throughwhich a given particle of sediment will just pass.3.2.4 Dxthe diameter of the sediment particle that has xpercent of the sample
8、 less than this size (diameter is deter-mined by method of analysis; that is, sedimentation, size,nominal, etc.).3.2.4.1 DiscussionExample: D45is the diameter that has45 % of the particles that have diameters finer than thespecified diameter. The percent may be by mass, volume, ornumbers and is dete
9、rmined from a particle size distributionanalysis.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide establishes criteria for a complete sedimentdata set and provides guidelines for the collection of data aboutnon-cohesive sediments.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide describes what parameters should be mea-sured a
10、nd stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulicdata set that could be used to compute sediment transport usingany prominently known sediment-transport equations.5.2 The criteria will address only the collection of data onnoncohesive sediment. A noncohesive sediment is one thatconsists of discr
11、ete particles and whose movement depends onthe particular properties of the particles themselves (1). Theseproperties can include particle size, shape, density, and positionon the streambed with respect to other particles. Generally,sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders are considered to benoncohesive
12、 sediments.6. Procedure6.1 Parameters discussed here are divided into three majorcategories: sediment, hydraulic, and others. Within each ofthese categories there is a listing of the minimum parametersthat should be collected or analyzed for and some additional1This guide is under the jurisdiction o
13、f ASTM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments, Geomorphology,and Open-Channel Flow.Current edition approved June 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5387 93 (2002).2For referenced A
14、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the en
15、d ofthis guide.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.parameters that, although are not critical, would add significantinformation to the data set if recorded.6.2 Sediment Parameters (Minimal):6.2.1 There are give basic sedi
16、ment parameters that must becollected in order to have a complete data set. They are:concentration, bedload, bed material, particle-size distribution,and specific gravity.6.2.1.1 ConcentrationReport concentration of suspended-sediment or total-sediment samples in milligrams per litre(mg/L) or in par
17、ts per million (ppm). Collect these samples insuch a way that they represent either the point, vertical, or crosssection sampled. Follow sampling guides set forth in GuideD 4411 or in Ref (2) when collecting suspended-sediment ortotal-load samples.6.2.1.2 BedloadReport discharge of bedload in mega-g
18、rams per day (Mg/d) or some other form of mass per timeunit. The procedures for the collection of bedload samples,both in a flume and in the field, have not been standardized aswell as those for suspended sediment. This is in part becausethe sampler development has not achieved the state of unifor-m
19、ity that the suspended-sediment samplers have and becausenot enough is currently known about bedload transport in openchannels to accurately define a protocol for data collection.However, the procedure outlined in Ref (2) appears to be areasonable approach to the problem and gives the state ofknowle
20、dge and equipment at the present time.6.2.1.3 Bed MaterialBecause the bed material is theprimary source of noncohesive sediments, collect detailedsamples. Most field bed-material sampling programs have beenrestricted to sampling sand-bed streams because of the overalllack of knowledge and the practi
21、cal problems associated withsampling gravel-bed streams (3). References (2) and (3),aswell as Guide D 4823, present several methods for collectionof bed-material samples from gravel-bed streams. Also, someof the equipment and procedures given in Ref (2) and GuideD 4823 can be used to collect samples
22、 from sand bed streams.6.2.1.4 Particle-Size DistributionRecord the particle-sizedistribution in percent finer than a given diameter size. Themost generally used size grading system for sediment work inthe United States is the grade scale proposed by the Subcom-mittee on Sediment Terminology of the
23、American GeophysicalUnion (AGU), which is an extension of the Wentworth scale(1). Determine as an absolute minimum the percent finer thanand greater than 0.062 mm. Ideally, determine all applicablebreaks given on the AGU scale (1). Determine particle sizeeither as a physical size (sieve) or as a sed
24、imentation (fall)diameter. Whichever method is used, record the method ofdetermination. Guide D 4822 presents a way to help choosewhich method might work best given the particle sizes to besampled and the units of the distribution desired. Several of themore common particle-size analysis methods are
25、 given in Ref(4).6.2.1.5 Preform particle-size distribution analysis onsuspended-sediment, total-load, bedload, and bed-materialsamples. Results should indicate whether the diameters deter-mined are sieve, fall, intermediate axis, or nominal diameters,and whether they are percent finer than by mass,
26、 volume, ornumber of particles.6.2.1.6 Record the method or specific piece of equipment,or both, used to determine particle-size distribution.6.2.1.7 Specific GravityThe specific gravity of a particleeffects to how the particle reacts in the flow. Most of the timethe specific gravity is assumed to b
27、e 2.65. Although this is truemost of the time, Brownlie (5) points out that about half of J.J. Francos data has a specific gravity of 1.30 and that thefollowing data sets have these ranges in specific gravity:Pang-Yung Ho, 2.45 to 2.70; C. R. Neill, 1.36 to 2.59; and U.S.Waterways Experiment Station
28、, 1936c, 1.03 to 1.85.6.3 Sediment Parameters (Additional):6.3.1 The following parameters are considered to be onesthat are not absolutely necessary for a complete data set butwould give significant additional information and clarificationto the data.6.3.1.1 Specific DiametersCalculated diameters su
29、ch asD16, D35,D50,D65,D84, and D90are quite often used insediment transport equations. Having these computed diametersizes stored in the data bases will allow everyone using the datain the future to use the same values for these percentiles, thusavoiding some additional sources of errors when compar
30、ingtheir results to the original developers results. Store diametersin millimetres and give the type, that is, fall, sieve, etc.6.3.1.2 Method of CollectionDocument how the sampleswere collected. It is often very important to know if thesamples were collected from single vertical or multiverticals,s
31、urface dipped, or point samples. This not only is important forsuspended-sediment and total-load samples, but also is impor-tant for bedload and bed-material samples. If multiple verticalsare used to collect the sample, note the number of verticalsused and some general description of their placement
32、 in thecross section. If the sample is collected from a single point orvertical, identify the collection point.6.3.1.3 SamplerRecord the type of sampler and nozzlesize. The US-D, US-DH, and US-P series samplers (1) aredepth integrating and point integrating samplers that collectsamples of the water
33、sediment mixture isokinetically. Thisensures the proper concentration of sand is sampled from thestream. When collecting bedload samples, in addition to thesampler type and nozzle size, record the bag mesh opening sizeand nozzle flare if appropriate for the sampler being used.6.4 Hydraulic Parameter
34、s (Minimal):6.4.1 There are four major hydraulic parameters that shouldbe collected to provide a complete sediment-transport data set.They are water discharge, width, depth, and slope.6.4.1.1 Discharge, WaterThe amount or rate of waterflowing past the sampling point or cross section at the time ofsa
35、mpling is extremely critical to understanding the interpreta-tion of the sediment data collected. Chapter 1 of Ref (6) givesa good summary of how surface-water discharge data can becollected. Record water discharge in cubic metres per second(m3/s).6.4.1.2 WidthChannel or flume width is important inc
36、omputing other hydraulic parameters, such as area and meanvelocity, and for determining depth to width ratios that areused, among other things, to assess the bank or boundaryeffects. In addition, repeated measurements of channel width atD 5387 93 (2007)2the same location over a period of time can be
37、 useful, whenused with other data, in determining bank and channel stabili-zation.6.4.1.3 DepthRecord the average depth of flow. Thisdepth is normally calculated by dividing the area of flow by thechannel or flume width.6.4.1.4 SlopeThere are three common types of slope thatare used: bed, water surf
38、ace, and energy. For whichever slopeis measured, or computed, record the value and type.6.5 Hydraulic Parameters (Additional):6.5.1 AreaCross sectional area of flow is normally one ofthe parameters computed when making discharge measure-ments, especially in the field. It is used in computing average
39、stream depth in natural channels.6.5.2 Gauge HeightRecord gauge height, or stage, whenrepetitious measurements are made at a site over a long periodof time or when flow conditions might be changing during thetime taken to collect the sediment data, or both. Referencegauge height to some fixed point
40、at the site. By periodicallyrecording gauge height, water discharge, and cross sectionalarea, overall change of scour or fill in a channel. Also,assessment can be made of any changes in flow that occurduring and between collection of sediment data, for examplebetween the time the suspended-sediment
41、samples were col-lected and the bedload discharge was measured, can beassessed.6.5.3 Hydraulic RadiusCompute hydraulic radius fromthe area and wetted perimeter. Sometimes it is computed as,and assumed to be equivalent to, the average stream depth. Itis always good to record what was used as the hydr
42、aulic radiusand to describe how it was computed.6.5.4 Roughness CoeffcientRecord a roughness coeffi-cient, usually either Mannings “n” or Chezys “C”. Estimateeither in the field (7, 8) or compute using other hydraulicinformation.6.6 Other Parameters:6.6.1 In addition to the parameters listed above,
43、record thefollowing.6.6.1.1 TemperatureRecord temperature for each sedi-ment data set collected. The concentration and distribution ofsand particles with depth is affected by water temperature (1).Lane and others (9) found that sediment transport for the samewater discharge was approximately 2.5 tim
44、es greater in thewinter than in the summer on the lower Colorado River.6.6.1.2 Sample InformationRecord information about thesample. As a minimum, record the date, time, and samplinglocation (that is, stream name and location of sampling pointon the stream). Record any information pertinent to the s
45、ample,such as any angle between the cross section and the perpen-dicular of the flow. If the samples were collected from a flume,note this as well as the location of the flume.6.6.1.3 Bed FormsIf possible, record a description of thebed forms present at the time of data collection. If the bedforms c
46、annot be observed, record a description of the watersurface, that is, standing waves, boils, smooth, etc. Bed formcan be a major contribution to the overall bed roughness of astream. They also can cause alternating increases and decreasesin stream depth and thus can cause locally strong eddies, whic
47、hcan bring about larger, short-term variations in sedimentconcentration.6.6.1.4 Conductivity/Dissolved SolidsLike temperature,changes in dissolved solids can affect sediment-transport rates.Increases in dissolved solid can cause increases in sediment-transport rates for the same flow conditions.6.6.
48、1.5 Site DescriptionWhether the samples are col-lected in a flume or in the field, give a general description ofthe sampling site. Special note should be made of flowconditions, weather, sampling apparatus used, anything up-stream or downstream that might have affected the samplecollection process,
49、and any tributary inflow that might haveaffected flow or mixing at the sampling cross section.6.6.1.6 Particle ShapeSize alone may not be sufficient toadequately describe sediment particles (1), also, use shape androughness (p. 21 of Ref (1). Shape describes the form of aparticle. Roughness is a measure of the sharpness of radius ofcurvature of the edges.6.6.1.7 CollectorRecord the name of the individual(s)that collected the sample. This will allow others analyzing thedata to evaluate the experience of the collector and therefore bebetter able to ev
