1、Designation: D5409/D5409M 93 (Reapproved 2010)1Standard Guide forSet of Data Elements to Describe a Ground-Water Site; PartTwoPhysical Descriptors1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5409/D5409M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe units statement in 1.4 and the designation were revised editorially in August 2
3、010.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers Part Two of three guides to be used inconjunction with Practice D5254 that delineates the datadesirable to describe a ground-water data collection or sam-pling site. This guide identifies physical descriptors, such asconstruction and geologic elements, for a site. P
4、art One (GuideD5408) describes additional information beyond the minimumset of data elements that may be specified to identify anyindividual ground-water site, while Part Three identifies usagedescriptors, such as monitoring, for an individual ground-watersite.NOTE 1A ground-water site is defined as
5、 any source, location, orsampling station capable of producing water or hydrologic data from anatural stratum from below the surface of the earth. A source or facilitycan include a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontalin orientation). Other sources, such as excavations, driven
6、 devices, boreholes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, that can be shown to be hydraulicallyconnected to the ground water are appropriate for the use intended.NOTE 2Part One (Guide D5408) includes data confidence classifica-tion descriptor (one element), geographic location descriptors (fourelements), po
7、litical regime descriptor (one element), source identifierdescriptors (four elements), legal descriptors (nine elements), ownerdescriptors (two elements), site visit descriptors (three elements), otheridentification descriptors (two elements), other data descriptors (threeelements), and remarks desc
8、riptors (three elements). Part Three (GuideD5410) includes monitoring descriptors (77 data elements), irrigationdescriptors (four data elements), waste site descriptors (nine data ele-ments), and decommissioning descriptors (eight data elements). For a listof descriptors in this guide, see Section 3
9、.1.2 These data elements are described in terms used byground-water hydrologists. Standard references, such as theGlossary of Geology (1)2and various hydrogeologic profes-sional publications, are used to determine these definitions.Many of the suggested elements and their representative codesare tho
10、se established by the Water Resources Division of theU.S. Geological Survey and used in the National WaterInformation Systems computerized data base (1-19).NOTE 3The purpose of this guide is to suggest data elements that canbe collected for ground-water sites. This does not uniquely imply acomputer
11、data base, but rather data elements for entry into any type ofpermanent file.NOTE 4Component and code lists given with some of the dataelements, for example “Type of Spring,” are only suggestions. These listscan be modified, expanded, or reduced for the purpose intended by thecompany or agency maint
12、aining the ground-water data file.NOTE 5Use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposesonly and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.1.3 This guide includes the data elements desirable todocument a ground-water site beyond those given in the“Minimum Set of Data Elements.” Some exa
13、mples of the dataelements are well depth, contributing aquifer, and permanenceof spring. No single site will need every data element, forexample, springs do not need well depth and well casing data.Each record (group of related data elements) for a site hasmandatory data elements, such as the type o
14、f lift for the liftrecord. However, these elements are considered necessary onlywhen that specific record is gathered for the site.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitspresented in brackets are to be regarded separately asstandard. The values stated in each system may not be e
15、xactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independentlyof the other. Combining values from the two systems mayresult in non-conformance with the standard.1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represent
16、s a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic(F = ma) calculations are involved.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this
17、 standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace e
18、ducation or1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous editi
19、on approved in 2004 as D540993(2004).DOI: 10.1520/D5409_D5409M-93R10E01.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthe text.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.experience and should be
20、 used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applie
21、d without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2488 Pra
22、ctice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD5408 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part OneAdditional IdentificationDescriptorsD5410 Guide for Set of Data Element
23、s to Describe aGround-Water Site;Part ThreeUsage Descriptors3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms applicable to this guide, seeTerminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 codea suggested abbreviation for a component, forexample, “G” is the code su
24、ggested for the galvanized ironcomponent of data element casing material.3.2.2 componenta subdivision of a data element, forexample, galvanized iron is one of 30 components suggestedfor data element casing material.3.2.3 data elementan individual segment of informationabout a ground-water site, for
25、example, casing material. Thedata element is in the Casing Record record.3.2.4 recorda set of related data elements that may needto be repeated to fully describe a ground-water site. Forexample, a well that consists of several diameters of casingfrom the top end to the bottom will need more than one
26、 CasingRecord record (the record includes data elements depth to top,depth to bottom, diameter, casing material, and casing thick-ness) to fully describe the construction of the well. However, ifonly a single size of casing is used in the well, the record isutilized once.3.2.5 record groupa set of r
27、elated records. For example,the lift record group includes the lift record, power record, andstandby record. Some record groups consist of only one record,for example, the spring record group includes only the springrecord.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide includes the following physical descriptord
28、ata elements to describe a ground-water site. Single elementsusually need one entry for a site, while repeated elementscommonly require several records to fully describe the condi-tions and history of the site.Single Elements:Individual Site Characteristics:Land Use (in vicinity of site)Drainage Bas
29、in/WatershedRelationship to Surface Stream/Lake, etc.Hole DepthWell DepthSource of Depth DataPrimary AquiferRepeated Elements:Construction Record Group:Construction Record:Date Construction BeganDate Construction EndedName of ContractorSource of Construction DataMethod of ConstructionType of Drillin
30、g FluidVolume of Drilling FluidType of FinishType of SealDepth to Bottom of SealMethod of DevelopmentLength of Time of DevelopmentVolume of Liquid Removed During DevelopmentSpecial TreatmentHole Record:Depth to Top of the Hole IntervalDepth to Bottom of the Hole IntervalDiameter of the Hole Interval
31、Casing Record:Depth to Top of the Cased IntervalDepth to Bottom of the Cased IntervalDiameter of the Cased IntervalCasing MaterialCasing ThicknessOpening or Screen Record:Depth to Top of the Open IntervalDepth to Bottom of the Open IntervalDiameter of the Open IntervalType of Material in the Open/Sc
32、reened IntervalType of Openings in the Open IntervalLength of OpeningsWidth of OpeningsMesh of ScreenPacking MaterialSize of Packing MaterialThickness of Packing MaterialDepth to Top and Bottom of Packing MaterialRepairs Record:Date of RepairsNature of RepairsName of Contractor Who Made RepairsPerce
33、nt Change in Performance After RepairsSpecial Cases Record:Well Clusters:Number of Wells in ClusterDepth of Deepest Well in ClusterDepth of Shallowest Well in ClusterDiameter of Well ClusterCollector Well/Laterals:Number of Laterals in Collector WellDepth of Laterals in Collector WellLength of Later
34、als in Collector WellDiameter of Laterals in Collector WellMesh of Screen in LateralsPonds:3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Su
35、mmary page onthe ASTM website.D5409/D5409M 93 (2010)12Length of PondWidth of PondDepth of PondVolume of PondTunnel or Drain:Length of Tunnel or DrainWidth of Tunnel or DrainDepth of Tunnel or DrainBearing (Azimuth) Tunnel or DrainDip of Tunnel or DrainLift Record Group:Lift Record:Type of LiftDate P
36、ermanent Lift was InstalledDepth of IntakeManufacturer of Lift DeviceSerial NumberPump RatingPower Record:Type of PowerHorsepower RatingName of Power CompanyPower-Company Account NumberPower-Meter NumberStandby Lift Record:Additional LiftName of Company that Maintains LiftRated Pump CapacityType of
37、Standby PowerHorsepower of Standby Power SourceGeologic Record Group:Geophysical Log Record:Date of LogType of LogDepth to Top of Logged IntervalDepth to Bottom of Logged IntervalSource of Log DataGeohydrologic Unit Record:Aquifer Unit(s)Contributing UnitDepth to Top of IntervalDepth to Bottom of In
38、tervalLithologyDescription of MaterialSample/Unconsolidated Material Record:Sample WeightSample IntervalParticle SizePercent of Total SampleParticle ShapeMineralogySample/Consolidated Material Record:Drill Cuttings or CoreSample Size (Weight)Sample IntervalMineralogyCore LengthCore DiameterCore Reco
39、very-PercentBeddingStructurePorosityHydraulic Record Group:Hydraulics Record:Hydraulic/Aquifer UnitHydraulic/Aquifer Unit TypeDepth to Top of UnitDepth to Bottom of UnitStatic Water LevelMeasurement Date and TimeUnit ContributionAquifer Parameters Record:TransmissivityHorizontal Hydraulic Conductivi
40、tyVertical Hydraulic ConductivityCoefficient of StorageLeakanceDiffusivitySpecific StorageSpecific YieldBarometric or Tidal EfficiencyPorositySpecific CapacityMethod Used to Determine Aquifer CharacteristicsAvailability of File of Detailed ResultsSpring Record Group:Spring Record:Name of SpringType
41、of SpringPermanence of SpringSphere of DischargeDischargeDate of DischargeImprovementsNumber of Spring OpeningsFlow VariabilityAccuracy of Flow VariabilityMagnitude of Spring5. Significance and Use5.1 Data at ground-water sites are gathered for many pur-poses. Each of these purposes generally requir
42、es a specific setof data elements. For example, when the ground-water qualityis of concern not only are the minimum set of data elementsrequired for the site, but information concerning the samplecollection depth interval, method of collection, and date andtime of collection are needed to fully qual
43、ify the data. Anothergroup of elements are recommended for each use of the data,such as aquifer characteristics or water-level records. Normallythe more information that is gathered about a site by fieldpersonnel, the easier it is to understand the ground-waterconditions and to reach valid conclusio
44、ns and interpretationsregarding the site.5.2 The data elements listed in this guide and Guides D5408and D5410 should assist in planning what information can begathered for a ground-water site and how to document thesedata.NOTE 6Some important data elements may change during the exist-ence of a site.
45、 For example, the elevation of the measuring point used forthe measurement of water levels may be modified because of repair orreplacement of equipment. This frequently occurs when the measuringpoint is an opening in the pump and the pump is modified or replaced.Because changes cannot always be anti
46、cipated, it is preferable to referencethe height of the measuring point to a permanent nearby altitude datum.The measuring point is referenced by being the same altitude (zerocorrection) or above (negative correction) or below (plus correction) thealtitude datum. All appropriate measurements should
47、be corrected inreference to the altitude datum before entry into the permanent record.Care must be exercised to keep the relationship of these data elementsconsistent throughout the duration of the site.5.3 Some data elements have an extensive list of compo-nents or possible entries. For example, th
48、e aquifer identifica-tion list described in 6.1.8 has over 5000 entries. Lengthy listsof possible entries are not included in this guide, however,information on where to obtain these components is includedwith the specific data element.NOTE 7This guide identifies other sources, lists, etc., of infor
49、mationrequired to completely document information about any ground-watersite.6. Documentation of Individual Site Characteristics6.1 Introduction:D5409/D5409M 93 (2010)136.1.1 A vast number of data elements can be documentedabout a ground-water site to thoroughly describe its location,physical features, relationship to other features on the earthssurface, and to designate what information is gathered at thesite. These data elements typically are transcribed once for asite, in contrast to data elements that may be repetitive, such aswater levels. Many of the
