1、Designation: D5424 10An American National StandardStandard Test Method forSmoke Obscuration of Insulating Materials Contained inElectrical or Optical Fiber Cables When Burning in a VerticalCable Tray Configuration1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5424; the number immediately foll
2、owing the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This is a fire-
3、test-response standard.1.2 This test method provides a means to measure thesmoke obscuration resulting from burning electrical insulatingmaterials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables whenthe cable specimens, excluding accessories, are subjected to aspecified flaming ignition source and b
4、urn freely under wellventilated conditions.1.3 This test method provides two different protocols forexposing the materials, when made into cable specimens, to anignition source (approximately 20 kW), for a 20 min testduration. Use it to determine the flame propagation and smokerelease characteristic
5、s of the materials contained in single andmulticonductor electrical or optical fiber cables designed foruse in cable trays.1.4 This test method does not provide information on thefire performance of electrical or optical fiber cables in fireconditions other than the ones specifically used in this te
6、stmethod nor does it measure the contribution of the cables to adeveloping fire condition.1.5 Data describing the burning behavior from ignition tothe end of the test are obtained.1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured.1.7 The burning behavior is documented visually, by pho-tographi
7、c or video recordings, or both.1.8 The test equipment is suitable for making other, op-tional, measurements, including the rate of heat release of theburning specimen, by an oxygen consumption technique andweight loss.1.9 Another set of optional measurements are the concen-trations of certain toxic
8、gas species in the combustion gases.1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI 10)1.11 This standard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame underco
9、ntrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.12 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed incond
10、ucting these tests.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
11、 use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Gener-ated During FiresE1354 Test Method for Hea
12、t and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 NFPA Standard:3ANSI/NFPA 70-1990 National Electrical Code1990, Na-tional Fire Protection Associat
13、ion32.3 Underwriters Laboratories Standards:4UL 1056 Fire Test of Upholstered Furniture, UnderwritersLaboratories, 19891This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.21 on Fire Per
14、formance Standards.Current edition approved March 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D542405. DOI:10.1520/D5424-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.or
15、g. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 333 Pfing
16、sten Rd., North-brook, IL 60062-2096, http:/.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.UL 1581 Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables,and Flexible Cords
17、, March 6, 1987, Underwriters Labo-ratories, Inc., ANSI/UL 1581-1985UL 1685 Standard Vertical Tray Fire Propagation andSmoke Release Test for Electrical and Optical FiberCables, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., January 27, 19922.4 Canadian Standards Association Standards:5CSA Standard FT-4 Vertical
18、Flame Tests: Cables in CableTrays, Section 4.11.4 in C22.2 No. 0.3-M1985, TestMethods for Electrical Wires and Cables2.5 IEEE Standards:6IEEE 1202 Standard for Flame Testing of Cables for Use inCable Tray in Industrial and Commercial Occupancies,May 29, 1991.2.6 Other Standards:CATechnical Bulletin
19、133 Flammability Test Procedure forSeating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies, January,19917Nordtest Method NT Fire 032 Upholstered Furniture: Burn-ing BehaviorFull Scale Test8ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary93. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with
20、fire issues, refer to Terminology E176 andISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions given in Termi-nology E176 shall prevail. For definitions of terms used in thistest method and associated with electrical insulation issues,refer to Terminology D1711.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This S
21、tandard:3.2.1 sample, nan amount of the cable type and construc-tion to be tested, which is representative of the product for test.3.2.2 specimen, nthe individual length of cable, or cablebundle, to be placed in the cable tray, which is representativeof the product to be tested.4. Summary of Test Me
22、thod4.1 This fire-test-response standard determines a number offire-test-response characteristics associated with smoke obscu-ration resulting from burning the materials insulating full-scalespecimens of electrical or optical fiber cables located in avertical cable tray and ignited with a propane ga
23、s burner. Thistest method is also suitable for making other, optional mea-surements, including rates of heat release, total amounts of heatreleased, rates and concentrations of carbon oxides releasedand rates and amounts of mass of the specimen lost (seeAppendix X2). Further optional measurements ar
24、e also pos-sible.4.2 The vertical cable tray that holds the specimen is locatedin an enclosure of specified dimensions.4.3 A hood, connected to a duct, is located above the fireenclosure. Smoke release instrumentation is placed in the duct.Heat and gas analysis release instrumentation (optional) is
25、alsoplaced in the duct.4.4 Two different test procedures are specified, which differin the burner used and in the electrical or optical fiber cableloading. These reflect details of three existing test methods:UL 1581 (protocol A) and CSA Standard FT-4 in C22.2 No.0.3-M1985 or IEEE 1202 (protocol B)
26、and UL 1685 (bothprotocols).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a varietyof fire-test-response characteristics associated with smokeobscuration and resulting from burning the electrical insulatingmaterials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables. Thespecim
27、ens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilatedconditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner.5.2 Smoke obscuration quantifies the visibility in fires.5.3 This test method is also suitable for measuring the rateof heat release as an optional measurement. The rate of heatrelease ofte
28、n serves as an indication of the intensity of the firegenerated.5.4 Other optional fire-test-response characteristics that aremeasurable by this test method are useful to make decisions onfire safety. The most important gaseous components of smokeare the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are
29、 majorindicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of thecompleteness of combustion and are often used as part of firehazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy ofheat release measurements. Other toxic gases, which arespecific to certain materials, are less crucial for determinin
30、gcombustion completeness.5.5 Test Limitations:5.5.1 The fire-test-response characteristics measured in thistest method are a representation of the manner in which thespecimens tested behave under certain specific conditions. Donot assume they are representative of a generic fire perfor-mance of the
31、materials tested when made into cables of theconstruction under consideration.5.5.2 In particular, it is unlikely that this test method is anadequate representation of the fire behavior of cables inconfined spaces, without abundant circulation of air.5.5.3 This is an intermediate-scale test, and the
32、 predictabil-ity of its results to large scale fires has not been determined.Some information exists to suggest that it has been validatedagainst some large-scale scenarios.6. Apparatus6.1 Enclosure:6.1.1 The enclosure in which the specimen is tested isshown in Fig. 1.6.1.2 The enclosure has a floor
33、 area of 2.44 m 6 25 mm by2.44 m 6 25 mm, with a height of 3.35 m 6 25 mm (8 ft 61 in. by 8 ft 6 1 in. by 11 ft 6 1 in. high). On top of the wallsthere is a pyramidal collection hood with a collection box.5Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way,Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6
34、, Canada, http:/www.csa.ca.6Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331, http:/www.ieee.org.7Available from Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation, State ofCalifornia, Department of Consumer Affairs,
35、3485 Orange Grove Ave., NorthHighlands, CA 95660-5595.8Available from Nordtest, P.O. Box 22, SF-00341, Helsingfore, Finland, 1987.9Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.D5424 10
36、26.1.2.1 Other enclosure sizes, such as 2.4 by 2.4 by 2.4 m(8by 8 by 8 ft) or the 3 m cube are permitted, provided that theinternal volume of the enclosure, exclusive of the pyramidalhood, ranges between 14.5 m3(512 ft3) and 36 m3(1272 ft3), thefloor area ranges between 6 m2(64 ft2)and9m2(97 ft2), a
37、nd themaximum air movement within the enclosure complies with6.1.10 (Note 1).NOTE 1There is, as yet, not enough information as to the equivalenceon smoke release between the various facilities. Further work needs to bedone to confirm this.6.1.2.2 In case of disputes, the referee method are the tests
38、conducted using the enclosure in 6.1.2.6.1.3 WallsThe maximum conductive heat flux loss of thewalls of the structure is 6.8 W/(m2K) (30 Btu/h-ft2), basedupon an inside wall temperature of 38 C (100 F) and anoutside air temperature of 24 C (75 F). Paint the interiorsurface of the walls flat black. An
39、y materials of constructionthat meet the preceding requirements are acceptable. Twoexamples of acceptable construction materials are nominally152 mm (6 in.) thick concrete masonry blocks (density: 1700kg m3(106 lb ft3) and thermal conductivity nominally k= 1.75 W/(m K), at 21 C; 12.13 Btu in./ft2h F
40、, at 70 F) ornominally 13 mm (0.5 in.) gypsum board, with 89 6 6 mm (3.56 0.25 in.) of standard fiberglass insulation, with an R value of1.94 m2K/W (which corresponds in practical units to an Rvalue of 11 h ft2F/Btu.Windows for observation of the fire testare allowed in the walls; ensure that the to
41、tal area of thewindows does not exceed 1.86 m2(20 ft2).6.1.3.1 Select materials of construction which can withstandthe high temperatures and presence of open flame within thetest enclosure and duct.6.1.4 Provide air intakes at the base of two opposite walls,one of which contains the access door. Ens
42、ure that the totalcross sectional area of the air intakes is 1.45 6 0.03 m4(2250650 in.2), and that the intake areas are divided approximatelyequally. Fig. 1 shows dimensions for the air intakes installed inthe walls. Air intakes are not permitted in either of the othertwo walls.6.1.5 Construct a do
43、or with wired glass and locate it asshown in Fig. 1. The door is 900 6 25 mm wide and 21006 25mm high (35 6 1 in. by 83 6 1 in.), with an overall conductiveheat flux loss no greater than that of the walls, that is, 6.8W/(m2K) (30 Btu/h-ft2). A steel framed wired glass door willmeet these requirement
44、s. Adequately seal the sides and the topof the door to prevent drafts.6.1.6 Construct a truncated pyramid stainless steel hood,formed as shown in Fig. 1, and locate it on top of the enclosurewalls. Make the slope on each side of the hood 40. Form a sealbetween the hood and the walls; a compressible
45、inorganicbatting as gasket is suitable.6.1.7 Insulate the exterior of the hood to make an overallconductive heat loss no greater than that of the walls.6.1.8 Locate a cubical stainless steel collection box (914 625 mm (36 6 1 in.) per side) on top of the exhaust hood, witha nominal 406 6 25 mm (16 6
46、 1 in.) diameter stainless steelpipe exhaust duct centered in one side.FIG. 1 Cable Test EnclosureD5424 1036.1.9 Install the exhaust duct horizontally and connect it tothe plenum of the hood.6.1.10 Ensure that the maximum air movement within theenclosure, with only the intake and exhaust openings op
47、en, theexhaust fan on, and the burner off, does not exceed 1 m/s (3.3ft/s), as measured by a vane-type anemometer in the followingareas: (1) at the floor level where the burner is positionedduring the test, and (2) at 1.50 6 0.05 m (4.9 ft 6 2 in.) abovethe enclosure floor, where the cable tray is p
48、ositioned duringthe test.6.1.11 Construct a square 610 6 25-mm (24 6 1-in.) baffle,centered over the cable tray.An acceptable height is 300 to 400mm (12 to 15 in.) above the tray.6.1.12 Construct a collection-exhaust system consisting of ablower, steel hood, duct, bidirectional probe, thermocouple(s
49、),oxygen measurement system (optional), smoke obscurationmeasurement system, and gas analysis system (optional).Ensure that the system for collecting the combustion productshas the capacity and is designed in such a way that all of thecombustion products leaving the burning specimen are col-lected. Make the exhaust system capacity at least 2.7 m3s1atnormal pressure and at a temperature of 25 6 2 C. Constructthe collection-exhaust system as explained in Annex A2 andAnnex A3.6.2 Exhaust Collection System:6.2.1 Construct the exhaust collection system
