1、Designation: D5425 13 An American National StandardStandard Guide forDevelopment of Fire Hazard Assessment Standards ofElectrotechnical Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5425; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide provides guidance on the development of firehazard assessment standards f
3、or electrotechnical products. Forthe purposes of this guide, products include materials,components, and end-use products.1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standardsthat will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmfulto people, animals, or property.1.3 This fire standard can
4、not be used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentStandardsE1776 Guide for Development of
5、 Fire-Risk-AssessmentStandardsE2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-tation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire Tests2.2 NFPA Codes and Standards:3NFPA 555 Guide on Methods for Decreasing the Probabilityof Flashover (Withdrawn)NFPA 556 Guide on
6、 Methods for Evaluating Fire Hazard toOccupants of Passenger Road VehiclesNFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection2.3 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Stan-dards:4IEC 60695-1-1 Fire Hazard Testing - Part 1-1: Guidance forassessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products -Gener
7、al guidelines (Withdrawn)2.4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standards:5ISO 13943 Fire Safety: Vocabulary3. Terminology3.1 Use Terminology E176, ISO 13943, and IEC 60695-11, ed. 3, 199911 as the guides for terminology on fire issues(see 5.1). Where differences exist in definition
8、s, use thosecontained in Terminology E176.3.1.1 Terminology D1711 should be used as the guide forterminology on issues associated with electrical or electronicinsulating materials.3.2 Use Terminology D1711 as the guide for terminology onissues associated with electrical and electronic insulatingmate
9、rials.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 electrotechnical product, nitem that generates oruses electrical power as a source of energy or that is associatedwith the conduction or transmission of electrical signals orpower.3.3.1.1 DiscussionElectrotechnical products include thema
10、terials insulating electrical wires and cables and the mate-rials enclosing other products that generate or are fed byelectricity, as well as the products themselves and all of theirparts.3.3.2 fire scenario, na detailed description of conditions,including environmental, of one or more of the stages
11、 frombefore ignition to the completion of combustion in an actualfire at specific location, or in a full-scale simulation.3.3.3 products, nmaterial, component, or end-use product.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Electrical andElectronic Insulating Materials and is the d
12、irect responsibility of SubcommitteeD09.21 on Fire Performance Standards.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5425 08. DOI:10.1520/D5425-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.as
13、tm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.
14、4Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 rue deVaremb, Case postale 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.5Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or from American National Standards Institu
15、te(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is inte
16、nded for use by those undertaking thedevelopment of fire hazard assessment standards for electro-technical products. Such standards are expected to be useful tomanufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authoritieshaving jurisdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on a
17、napproach to the development of a fire hazard assessmentstandard; fixed procedures are not established. Any limitationsin the availability of data, of appropriate test procedures, ofadequate fire models, or in the advancement of scientificknowledge will place significant constraints upon the proce-d
18、ure for the assessment of fire hazard.4.3 The focus of this guide is on fire assessment standardsfor electrotechnical products. However, insofar as the conceptsin this guide are consistent with those of Guide E1546, thegeneral concepts presented also may be applicable toprocesses, activities, occupa
19、ncies, and buildings. Guide E2061contains an example of how to use information on fire-test-response characteristics of electrotechnical products (electriccables) in a fire hazard assessment for a specific occupancy(rail transportation vehicle).4.4 A standard developed following this guide should no
20、tattempt to set a safety threshold or other pass/fail criteria. Sucha standard should specify all steps required to determine firehazard measures for which safety thresholds or pass/failcriteria can be meaningfully set by authorities having jurisdic-tion.5. General Concepts5.1 It is important to und
21、erstand and maintain the differ-ences between fire hazard and fire risk.5.1.1 Fire hazard is defined in Terminology E176 as:5.1.1.1 fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associatedwith fire.5.1.1.1.1 DiscussionA fire may pose one or more types ofhazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards a
22、reassociated with the environment and with a number of fire testresponse characteristics of materials, products, or assembliesincluding, but not limited to, ease of ignition, flame spread, rateof heat release, smoke generation and obscuration, toxicity ofcombustion products and ease of extinguishmen
23、t.5.1.2 Fire hazard is defined in ISO 13943 as:5.1.2.1 fire hazard, ncondition with a potential for anundesirable consequence from fire.5.1.3 Fire risk is defined in Terminology E176 as:5.1.3.1 fire risk, nan estimation of expected fire loss thatcombines the potential for harm in various fire scenar
24、ios thatcan occur with the probabilities of occurrence of those sce-narios.5.1.3.1.1 DiscussionRisk may be defined as the probabil-ity of having a certain type of fire, where the type of fire maybe defined in whole or in part by the degree of potential harmassociated with it or as potential for harm
25、 weighted byassociated probabilities. However it is defined, no risk scaleimplies a single value of acceptable risk. Different individualspresented with the same risk situation may have differentopinions on its acceptability.5.1.4 Fire risk is defined in ISO 13943 as:5.1.4.1 fire risk, ncombination
26、of the probability of a fireand a quantified measure of its consequence (scenario fire risk).5.2 The primary concern in the fire hazard assessment ofelectrotechnical products is to minimize the fire hazard result-ing when such products ignite. Should a fire start, it is thendesirable to limit the fi
27、re propagation. Give consideration toexternal events, such as the outbreak of a fire in the environ-ment. In general, however, disregard deliberate misuse of anelectrotechnical product, in the fire hazard assessment.5.3 Give consideration also to heat release (both rate andamount) and opacity, toxic
28、ity and corrosivity of the smokefrom a burning product and any necessary ability to functionunder fire conditions. These hazards are directly related to theignition and fire propagation. The emission of gases may also,under certain circumstances, lead to the possibility of explo-sion.5.4 Certain ele
29、ctrotechnical products such as largeenclosures, insulated cables, and conduits, may in fact replacelarge portions of surfaces and finishing materials of buildingconstruction or may penetrate fire-resisting walls. In thesecircumstances, the requirements for fire performance of theelectrotechnical pro
30、ducts, when exposed to an external fire,must ensure that they do not contribute to the hazard of fire toa greater degree than is permitted by the building materials orstructures that are replaced.5.5 Following a detailed review of all of the expectedhazards as related to a specific fire scenario, th
31、e final hazardassessment standards, as drafted, should include a series oftests or a single test, as appropriate, to address the specifichazard(s) defined. Single test standards are acceptable if theyaddress the major hazard(s) defined or are interrelated to thevarious components involved.5.6 In ord
32、er to design electrotechnical products with accept-able characteristics for minimizing fire hazard, pay carefulattention to the permissible mechanical, electrical and thermalstresses. This should minimize the fire hazard under allconditions of use: normal operation, foreseeable deviationsfrom normal
33、 use and faulty operation conditions. The desiredlevel of fire hazard is achievable by the procedures in 5.6.1 5.6.3:5.6.1 The use of parts or circuit design and protection, orboth, which, under overload or failure, are not likely to igniteor to cause ignition;5.6.2 The use of parts, including enclo
34、sures, which aresufficiently resistant to probable ignition sources and heatwithin an electrotechnical product; or,5.6.3 The use of designs that will adequately resist thepropagation of fire spread and surface spread by fire.6. Types of Fire Tests6.1 Technical committees engaged in the preparation o
35、frequirements and test specifications with regard to fire involv-ing electrotechnical products should recognize the followingtypes of tests:D5425 1326.1.1 Fire Simulation Tests:6.1.1.1 These tests examine the reaction to fire of electro-technical products, in a way as representative as possible of t
36、heuse of the product in practice.6.1.1.2 When the actual conditions of use (including fore-seeable abnormal use, malfunction, or failure) of a product aresimulated as closely as possible, and the design of the testprocedure is related to the actual fire hazard, such tests arelikely to assess one or
37、more relevant aspects of the fire hazardassociated with the use of the product under consideration in aspecific scenario. The results of this type of test are thus wellsuited for use as elements of a fire hazard assessment that takesinto account all the factors pertinent to an assessment of the fire
38、hazard of the electrotechnical product in a particular end use.6.1.1.3 Do not use the results of fire simulation tests for firehazard assessment when a change of product design is made, orwhen conditions of use are changed from those simulated in thetest.6.1.1.4 Since such tests are designed specifi
39、cally for adetailed fire scenario, they often do not become test standards.6.1.2 Fire Resistance Tests:6.1.2.1 These tests are intended to assess the ability of anelectrotechnical product, or one of its parts, to preserve thevarious properties necessary for its use, under specified condi-tions of ex
40、posure to fire and for a stated period of time. In otherwords, these tests measure continuity of operation.6.1.2.2 They are intended to provide data on the electricalbehavior and performance of an electrotechnical product, orfinished assembly, under a particular condition of exposure toheat or flame
41、.6.1.2.3 Recent studies show a need for very careful consid-eration of the test conditions and comparison with the actualfire situation and to the possible effect of any uncontrolledvariables, such as the environment in which the product isplaced.6.1.2.4 It is unlikely that the results of fire resis
42、tance testsare directly applicable to fire hazard assessment of the corre-sponding electrotechnical product.6.1.3 Combustion Characteristic Tests :6.1.3.1 These tests examine the reaction to fire of smallstandardized specimens under controlled conditions. Thesetests are used to give data on properti
43、es related to the burningbehavior of the materials, components or end-use productstested. They are also useful for comparative evaluations. Thefire properties measured include, but are not limited to,flammability, ignitability, flame spread rate, smoke density, fireeffluent generation, and heat rele
44、ase rate. Examples of suchtests include the application of a number of fire-test-responsestandards to electrotechnical products.6.1.3.2 The data provided by such tests are usually notrepresentative of fire performance under conditions other thanthose to which the specimen is subjected. Combustion ch
45、arac-teristic tests are most useful when designed to simulate asclosely as possible the situation to which materials,components, or end-use products may be exposed in actual use.They may then lead to the proper selection of materials,components, and end-use products, which will meet the appro-priate
46、 requirement when testing the complete product.6.1.3.3 These tests measure responses of electrotechnicalmaterials, components, or end-use products to heat or flameunder controlled laboratory conditions. They are a step furtheraway from real fire conditions when compared to fire simula-tion tests. Ho
47、wever, when done appropriately, results fromthese tests, in combination with those from other tests, may beuseful as elements of the fire hazard assessment of an electro-technical product in a particular end use once all the pertinentfactors are taken into account.6.1.4 “Basic Property” Tests:6.1.4.
48、1 These tests are designed to measure one basicphysical or chemical property of a material. They yieldinformation that is, at least to some extent, independent of thetesting method. Some examples of such properties are: heat ofcombustion, heat of vaporization, thermal conductivity, ormelting point.6
49、.1.4.2 In a real fire situation, a number of such propertiescollectively affect the fire behavior of the electrotechnicalproduct. However, a single basic property measurement will, atmost, define only a single aspect of the fire hazard associatedwith a system. Thus, it is unlikely that the results of these basicproperty tests are useful elements of a fire hazard assessment.6.1.4.3 However, eventually, after fire safety engineeringdevelops a firmer technical base, the hope is that the results ofcombustion characteristic tests may be used to assess a widerange of fire
