1、Designation: D 5426 07aStandard Practices forVisual Inspection and Grading of Fabrics Used for InflatableRestraints1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5426; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These practices cover procedures for the inspection andgrading of coated and uncoated woven fabrics, and for the
3、inspection and culling of cut parts made of such fabrics, all ofwhich are used in the manufacture of inflatable restraintcushions.1.2 For ease of reference, the scope, summary of practice,significance and use, apparatus, sampling, procedure, andreport sections are listed separately for each inspecti
4、on prac-tice.Inspection Practice SectionFabric Rolls 7Cut Pieces 81.3 These practices can be used to distinguish those fabricimperfections that may adversely affect inflatable restraintcushion fabrication or performance from those imperfectionsthat will not.1.4 Only major imperfections are considere
5、d in the gradingsystems of these practices.1.5 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated inthese practices may be used by agreement of the purchaser andsupplier with the specific deviations from these practicesacknowledged in the report.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
6、thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the
7、applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3Reference Photographs of Imperfections3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of textile terms u
8、sed inthese practices, refer to Terminologies D 123 and D 3990.3.2 For definitions of imperfections in inflatable restraints,additionally refer to Tables 1-5 of these practices.4. Summary of Practices4.1 Rolls of finished or coated fabric are examined for majorimperfections as the fabric traverses a
9、n inspection station.They are graded on the basis of a unit area.4.2 Cut pieces are inspected individually for major imper-fections. Cut pieces containing major imperfections are culledfrom use for later review.5. Significance and Use5.1 These practices are suitable for incorporation in aspecificati
10、on. Any reference to material or cushion specifica-tion in these practices shall mean any similar agreementbetween the purchaser and supplier relating to the inspectionand acceptance of fabric intended for inflatable restraint use.5.2 These practices constitute the terminology, conditions,equipment,
11、 and procedures by which rolls of inflatable restraintfabrics or cut parts are inspected and graded.1These practices are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.20 on Inflatable Restraints.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Pub
12、lished July 2007. Originally approvedin 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 5426 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service ast serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standrds Docum
13、ent Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from: ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD5426. Original adjunct produced in 1996.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 A specification incorporating thes
14、e practices may devi-ate from them to account for considerations of fabric property,material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint cushiondesign, or a combination thereof. Whenever such deviationsfrom standard occur, they are recorded in the report.5.4 These practices acknowledge that, in the
15、normal courseof production, acceptable rolls of fabric will be producedcontaining imperfections; subsequently, pieces will be cut fromthe rolls and those pieces that contain major imperfectionsrestricted in Tables 1-5 will be culled at that time.5.5 The accuracy in the results from visually inspecti
16、ngfabric using these practices is affected by the ability of theinspector to detect, identify, and evaluate the severity of animperfection in a moving fabric or in a cut part. Such abilityTABLE 1 Coating Non-UniformityImperfection DefinitionLimitsMaximum SizeMinimumSeparationMaximumFrequencyASoftcon
17、taminationthe presence of non-coating material within or on the coatinglayer, such material visibly appearing to be of small size,smooth in surface texture, and of a thickness that does notprotrude significantly above the surface of the coating layer.Examples are dirt, smudge, lint, human hair, yarn
18、 filaments,and flies and similarly small insects.15 mmdiameter2none within the linewhere two OPWinflatable layersinterfaceHardcontaminationthe presence of non-coating material within or on the coatinglayer, such material visibly appearing to be of small size,smooth in surface texture, and of a thick
19、ness that protrudessignificantly above the surface of the coating layer.Examples are metal filings, glass, plastic, or wood splinters.noneMissingcoatingportions of the coated layer containing exposed base fabric orscrape marks in the coated layer15 mmdiameter2none within the linewhere two OPWinflata
20、ble layersinterfaceCoatingtransferthe presence of coating material on the uncoated side,covering one or more yarnsnone allowedBleedthrough the presence of coating material on the uncoated side,between two yarns without covering either yarn35-mm length 500 mm 2Coating slub an irregularly shaped lump
21、of coating material on the surfaceof the coated layer resembling a yarn slub15 mmdiameter2 per 400 cm2Spit mark an essentially round spot of coating material on the surface ofthe coated layer15 mmdiameter2 per 400 cm2Heavycoatingstreaka narrow area of fabric, generally in the shape of a lineoriented
22、 in the warp direction of the fabric, in which thecoating layer is visibly at a higher rate of coverage than thesurrounding material.Lightcoatingstreaka narrow area of light coating, generally in the shape of a lineoriented in the warp direction of the fabric.5mmwide 1Light coating(except lightcoati
23、ng streak)a localized amorphous area of fabric in which the coating layeris visibly at a lower rate than the surrounding material.50 3 100 mm 1APer linear m (yd), cut piece, or unit of area indicated.TABLE 2 Yarn Non-UniformityImperfection DefinitionLimitsMaximum SizeMinimumSeparationMaximumFrequenc
24、yAForeign matter an extraneous interwoven fragment whose size, color, ortexture indicates that it is not of the same material as thefibers in the base fabricnone allowedLoop a continuous yarn that curls back on itself and protrudes fromthe surface of the fabric (synonym: kink, snag)none allowedAir s
25、plice the thicker portion of a yarn resulting from entanglement of thefilaments at the ends of two multifilament yarns to create acontinuous yarn2 per 400 cm2Blips any short, irregularly shaped or textured portion of anindividual multifilament yarn that has been woven into thefabric, including sloug
26、h offs, stripbacks, fuzz balls, snarls,and slubs35-mm by 2 -mmlength2Short knot tail a small knob of yarn and associated tails where two yarns aretied together by interlocking loops for the purpose ofmaintaining yarn continuity3-mm diameter 500 mm 2Brokenfilamentan individual filament, separated fro
27、m a multifilament yarnbundle, that lies on the surface of the fabricno limitAPer linear m (yd) cut piece, or unit of area indicated.D 5426 07a2can be affected by visual acuity, viewing distance, fabrictraverse speed, lighting conditions, inspector discipline andtraining, and the availability and acc
28、uracy of suitable visualaids.5.6 Systematic bias may result from using these practiceswhenever the precision or scale of the visual aids used toidentify and quantify major imperfections differs between thepurchaser and supplier.6. Visual Aids6.1 A clear template of sufficient size to contain an arra
29、y ofcircles whose diameters equal the length, diameter, separation,or area limits listed in Tables 1-5, with labeling correspondingto the terminology for each imperfection: 3, 10, 35, 50, 200,225, 300, and 500 mm (0.10, 0.4, 1,4, 2.0, 7.9, 8.9, 11.8, and19.75 in.).6.1.1 Dimensions of circles on the
30、template shall be trace-able to the National Institute for Standards and Technology(NIST) (or similarly recognized standards facility) via a masterreference standard to ensure accuracy.6.2 Reference photographs of each imperfection listed inTables 1-5 based on ADJD5426.7. Practice for Inspecting Fab
31、ric Rolls7.1 ScopeThis practice describes a procedure for theinspection and grading of coated and uncoated woven fabricsused in the manufacture of inflatable restraint cushions.7.2 Summary of Practice:7.2.1 Rolls of fabric are visually inspected for the presenceof major imperfections and graded at a
32、n inspection station.Rolls of fabric are unwound and rewound as the fabricTABLE 3 DiscolorationImperfection DefinitionLimitsMaximum SizeMinimumSeparationMaximumFrequencyAStain an area of discoloration that penetrates the fabric surface 3-mm diameteror15 mm10 per 400 cm2or2 per 400 cm2Yarn streak dis
33、coloration of an individual yarn that does not affect adjacentyarns100-mm length 10 per 400 cm21000-mm length 1 per cushion2Ink stain presence of marking ink in an area of fabric not provided foridentification by an applicable specification.3 mm diameteror10 mm10 per 400 cm2or3 per 400 cm2APer linea
34、r m (yd), cut piece, or unit of area indicated.TABLE 4 HolesImperfection DefinitionLimitsMaximum SizeMinimumSeparationMaximumFrequencyAHole an opening not characteristic of the normal weave patternwhere one or more yarns is cut, torn, or shiftednone allowedMissing yarn a yarn discontinuity resulting
35、 in a change in weave pattern none allowedAPer linear m (yd), cut piece, or unit of area indicated.TABLE 5 Weave Non-UniformityImperfection DefinitionLimitsMaximum SizeMinimumSeparationMaximumFrequencyAAbrasion a localized concentration of multiple broken filaments. none allowedSharp crease a ridge
36、in otherwise flat fabric that can be felt easily and is notpresent by design.none allowedLong float a warp or filling yarn extending over six or more filling or warpyarns with which it should be interlacednone allowedShort float a warp or filling yarn extending over five or fewer filling or warpyarn
37、s with which it should be interlaced5 per 400 cm2Bruise a shift in the squareness of the weave pattern in an area thathas been subjected to impact or pressure35-mm diameter 500 mm 2Tight yarn a yarn with less crimp than surrounding fibers that may createpuckering, which may appear to be shinier or t
38、o lie straighterin the weave pattern, or a combination thereof35-mm length 500 mm 2Misweave a change in the weave pattern visually indicated by incorrectinterlacing or incorrect insertion of an unbroken yarn.(includes mispick, wrong draw, jerk-in)1000-mm length 1Filling bar a temporary change in the
39、 filling-wise density of the weavepattern that:(synonym: stop/start mark)1. is in compliance with the specified count no limit2. is not in compliance with the specified count none allowedAPer linear m (yd), cut piece, or unit of area indicated.D 5426 07a3traverses the inspection station, with provis
40、ion for interruptionof the traverse for stationary inspection.NOTE 1In accordance with an applicable material specification, fabricis inspected full width or within a specified distance of the outer edge ofthe selvage, or if its in one-piece woven fabric within a specified distanceof the visible lin
41、e created where the two inflatable layers initially interlace.7.2.2 Fabric inspectors grade imperfections for severity interms of their size, relative separation, and frequency per unitarea in accordance with Tables 1-5 of these practices.7.2.3 A count of major imperfections is recorded, and theroll
42、 is further processed in accordance with the applicablematerial specification.7.3 Significance and Use:7.3.1 This practice for inspecting rolls of fabric is used toidentify imperfections on a unit area basis and to flag them inaccordance with an applicable material specification.7.3.2 The suitabilit
43、y of a roll of fabric for further use orprocessing is not determined by the presence or severity ofimperfections, but by the limits placed on rolls of fabric, if any,in the applicable material specification.7.3.3 This practice for inspecting rolls of fabric does notdifferentiate between rolls of fab
44、ric intended for incorporationin driver side, passenger side, or side impact cushions, or forincorporation in front or rear panels of such cushions.7.3.4 Whenever differences arise between the grading re-sults reported by the supplier and those determined by thepurchaser, entire rolls of fabric are
45、set aside by the purchaser orsupplier for joint visual inspection and grading. Material isaccepted or rejected subsequently by mutual agreement basedon the criteria in this practice and the applicable materialspecification.7.4 Apparatus:7.4.1 A suitable fabric inspection machine that provides aflat
46、viewing surface and an interruptible speed-controlledfabric rewind that measures roll length.7.4.2 An overhead, reflected lighting source mounted par-allel to the viewing surface so as to illuminate with directperpendicular impinging light rays and a minimum surfaceillumination level of 1075 lux (10
47、0 foot candles), and employ-ing fluorescent lamps having a correlated color temperature of4100 to 4500 k with white reflectors and without baffles.7.4.3 Optional side-mounted reflected lighting source usedto determine how significantly contamination protrudes fromthe surface of fabric in a roll or a
48、 cut piece, mounted obliquelyto the viewing surface so as to illuminate with direct impinginglight rays and a minimum surface illumination level of 1075lux (100 foot candles), and employing fluorescent lampshaving a correlated color temperature of 4100 to 4500 k withwhite reflectors and without baff
49、les.7.4.4 Optional back lighting (transmitted light) or otherauxiliary lighting sources such as ultraviolet sources mountedas necessary for optimal visual detection of imperfections in aparticular fabric.7.5 SamplingThis practice for inspecting fabric rolls re-quires 100% inspection of the entire length and surface area ofevery roll of fabric used in the manufacture of inflatablerestraint cushions.7.6 Procedure:7.6.1 Visually inspect and grade the face side of the fabricfrom a viewing distance of 1 m (yd) while the fabric is inmotion.7.6.2 Traverse the fabric longitudinally (wa
