1、Designation: D 5428 02 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forEvaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint Modules1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5428; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes the procedures and conditionsused to evaluate the physical performance of inflatable
3、 restraintmodules and module components during and after deployment.1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may beobtained by this practice are internal cushion pressures deter-mined by instrumentation, cushion geometries determined byhigh-speed photography, and material integrity determin
4、ed byvisual inspection.1.3 This practice is applicable to driver and passenger sideinflatable restraint modules.1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in thispractice may be used by agreement between the purchaser andthe supplier with the specific deviations from the practiceacknowledg
5、ed in the report.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independent of the other.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafet
6、y concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to Tex
7、tilesD 6799 Terminology Relating to Inflatable Restraints2.2 Federal Standard:3CFR 49 Code of Federal Regulations2.3 SAE Standard:4J211 Instrumentation for Impact Test3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this standard, referto Terminology D 123 and Terminology D 6
8、799.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Inflatable restraint modules are mounted into a test standthat allows for deployments under conditions that duplicate orclosely resemble the conditions in a vehicle.4.2 Instrumentation within the test stand charts inflationpressures versus time. High-speed photography v
9、isually cap-tures changing cushion geometries over time.4.3 Module deployments are reviewed for pressure and timerelationships, cushion geometries at one or more times duringthe cycle, and post-inflation material analysis.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended to be a general guideline
10、 forrepetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate datacollection for inflatable restraints.5.2 This practice may be used by the purchaser and thesupplier to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraintmodules will be tested by the supplier to determine whether alot of material is a
11、cceptable for shipment to the purchaser.5.3 Unless otherwise specified by agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the testconditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatablerestraint modules are deployed for testing. It is intended to beused as a guideli
12、ne in establishing a written material specifi-cation or equivalent agreement between the purchaser and thesupplier. The specification may deviate from the practicesdescribed herein when (based on experience) considerations offabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatablerestraint syst
13、em design dictate otherwise.1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.20 on Inflatable Restraints.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approv
14、ed in 2002 as D 5428 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Superintendent of
15、 Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20525.4Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 CommonwealthDrive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Interferences6.
16、1 The pressure transducer and pickup tube must bemounted in a position which does not interfere with theunfolding cushion.6.2 The pressure versus time data is subject to recordinganomalies and electronic noise. The data should be digitallyfiltered to obtain the underlying smooth pressure curve prior
17、 todata analysis.7. Apparatus7.1 Mounting Fixture, suitable for simulating as closely aspossible the physical features of the location of a modulemounted in a vehicle. See A1.1.7.2 Pressure Transducer and Pickup Tube, suitable formeasuring pressures inside the cushion from 0 to 689 kPa (0 to100 psi)
18、, mounted in a static or low-pressure area in the modulethat does not interfere with cushion deployment, and capable ofwithstanding the temperatures of the conditioning chamber.See A1.2.7.3 Film or Tape Video System, suitable for recording thechanging geometry of the cushion during deployment at 100
19、0or more frames per second, and capable of being synchronizedprecisely with a firing pulse.7.4 Data Acquisition System, suitable for recording theoutput of a pressure transducer versus elapsed time of deploy-ment. See A1.3.7.5 Conditioning Chamber, suitable for maintaining thetemperature of a module
20、 in a range between 55C (67F)and 120C (248F) with a tolerance of 62C (64F). SeeA1.4.7.6 Electrical Firing Pulse Source, suitable for actuating theinflator and able to communicate with recording devicesdependent on an electrical starting signal. See A1.5.7.7 Lighting System, suitable for high-resolut
21、ion photogra-phy.7.8 For inflatable restraints, all measurement equipmentused in accordance with the procedures referenced in thispractice shall be certified for calibration annually by anindependent agency or equipment manufacturer whose resultsare traceable to National Institute of Science and Tec
22、hnology(NIST) or other national standards laboratory. The test param-eters of the equipment shall be tested within the operatingranges covered in the material specification or equivalentdocument.8. Hazards8.1 Code of Federal Regulations 49 classifies inflatablerestraint inflators which incorporate p
23、yrotechnic devices asExplosive Class C or Flammable Solid.8.2 Test facilities for conducting tests on pyrotechnic de-vices must comply with all local and state building codes. Aproper floor plan should include a physical barrier between testpersonnel and the device under test. In addition, a tempera
24、ture-controlled environment is important for test accuracy, and aroom fan is required to vent smoke and particulates from thetest bay.8.3 In consideration of safety for test personnel workingwith inflatable restraint devices, personnel involved in moduledeployments must be equipped with the appropri
25、ate equipmentand safety training. Examples of the necessary safety equip-ment include; remote firing systems, equipment shielding,laboratory clothing, safety glasses, gloves, and electrostaticgrounding straps. Proper written safety procedures shall befollowed in accordance with standard ordinance an
26、d pyrotech-nic industry practices. All applicable OSHA safety standardsshall be identified and complied with.9. Sampling9.1 Assembly deployment is a destructive test and thereforenecessitates sampling procedures if used in conjunction withlot acceptance. The sampling plan shall be determined byagree
27、ment between the purchaser and the supplier.10. Temperature Conditioning10.1 Assembly deployment is a destructive test and there-fore necessitates sampling procedures if used in conjunctionwith lot acceptance. The sampling plan shall be determined byagreement of purchaser and supplier. Module assemb
28、lies areconditioned at cold, ambient, or hot temperatures prior todeployment. Unless otherwise specified, the conditioning tem-peratures are: 30C (22F) for cold, 22C (72F) forambient, and 80C (176F) for hot. Use a temperature toler-ance of 62C (65F) and condition for a minimum of4htoensure establish
29、ment of moisture equilibrium.Assemblies shallbe placed in the conditioning chamber in a manner that allowsfree air movement and no direct contact with the chamberwalls.10.2 A conditioned module shall be deployed within 3 minof removal from the conditioning chamber. If the 3-min limit isexceeded, the
30、 module shall be reconditioned for 10 min forevery minute past the 3-min limit.11. Procedure11.1 Condition the module in accordance with 10.1 and 10.2at the temperature specified for the test.11.2 Perform all system calibrations.11.3 Verify proper framing rate, camera settings, and light-ing intensi
31、ty levels.11.4 Enter the test serial number into recording portions ofthe data acquisition and video systems.11.5 Record the laboratory ambient temperature.11.6 In accordance with A1.1, mount the conditioned mod-ule onto the test stand making sure all fastening systems aresecure.11.7 Verify that the
32、 test firing leads are grounded prior toconnecting them to the inflator initiator.11.8 Close the door to the test bay and turn on the warninglight before arming the deployment switch.11.9 Connect the cable for supplying firing current to theinflator deployment switch.11.10 Review the checklist to en
33、sure all prior listed actionsare completed before firing the module.11.11 Deploy the module and note the response of the dataacquisition system to verify successful deployment.11.12 Turn on the test bay exhaust fan to remove fumes orsmoke.D 5428 02 (2007)211.13 Remove the module from the test stand.
34、12. Analysis of Results12.1 Video:12.1.1 Visually inspect the video data taken of the cushionat various times during the deployment, comparing the actualcushion geometries to the standard profile described in thematerial specification or other equivalent agreement.12.2 Pressure versus Time Plot:12.2
35、.1 Digitize and filter the analog data in accordance withSection 10 of SAE J211.12.2.2 Compare the digitized and filtered data to the speci-fied profile of pressure versus time, noting key indicators thatinclude, but are not limited to, the magnitude and time ofbreakout pressure and maximum inflatio
36、n pressure.12.3 Component Material Analysis:12.3.1 Visually inspect the physical condition of the moduleand its components, comparing them to standard post-deployment conditions described in the material specificationor other equivalent agreement.12.3.2 Items for visual inspection include, but are n
37、otlimited to, retention of general cushion integrity, seam integ-rity, mounting device integrity, inflator integrity, and signs ofabnormal stress to the cushion fabric.13. Conformance13.1 The test results of the module deployment must con-form to allowable ranges listed in the applicable materialspe
38、cification or other agreement between the purchaser and thesupplier in order to warrant release of the shipment of moduleassemblies.13.2 Nonconformity shall be reported by the supplier to thepurchaser in writing. A lot that fails to conform to moduledeployment requirements as specified or as otherwi
39、se agreedupon may only be released for shipment upon written consentof the purchaser.14. Report14.1 State that the module or module lot was tested inaccordance with ASTM Practice D 5428 for evaluating theperformance of inflatable restraint modules. Describe themodule sampled and the method of sampli
40、ng used.14.2 The purchaser and the supplier shall determine theexact form of the laboratory report. Unless otherwise specified,the form shall provide the following information:14.2.1 Applicable specification or reference to agreementbetween the purchaser and the supplier describing moduledeployment
41、requirements,14.2.2 Description or designation of the test,14.2.3 Conditioning temperature,14.2.4 Module designation,14.2.5 Identification of lot and lot samples,14.2.6 Specification or performance parameters,14.2.7 Results of each evaluation,14.2.8 Name of tester,14.2.9 Date of test, and14.2.10 Dev
42、iations from standard practice procedures andapparatus.14.3 Report pressure versus time graphically with pressurealong the vertical axis and time along the horizontal axis. Notethe magnitude and time of breakout pressure and maximuminflation pressure.14.4 Report results of video analysis as either c
43、onformity ornonconformity of the inflated cushion geometry to fit within amaximum allowable geometry at a specified time during thedeployment as described in the material specification orequivalent document.14.5 Report results of the visual inspection of the compo-nents as conformity or nonconformit
44、y to normally expectedconditions of post-deployment components as described in thematerial specification or equivalent document.15. Precision and Bias15.1 The precision and bias of the procedure in PracticeD 5428 for plotting pressure versus time for video analysis, andfor component material analysi
45、s is being determined.16. Keywords16.1 airbag; cushion; deployment; dynamic performance;inflatable restraint; moduleANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. Detailed Description of ApparatusA1.1 Mounting FixtureThe module test fixture shall allowfor the easy but secure attachment of the module assembly inacc
46、ordance with the intent of the test, both driver and passen-ger side. It shall hold the module secure during the entiredeployment in an orientation and manner consistent with theintended vehicle installation of the module and the objective ofthe test, and with a level of support similar to that in t
47、heintended vehicle with respect to the steering wheel, steeringcolumn, and instrument panel.The module shall be oriented forfree deployment of the cushion.A1.2 Pressure TransducerThe pressure transducer shallbe mounted to the module with a rigid wall pick-up tube insidethe cushion in order to measur
48、e internal cushion pressure. Thepressure transducer and the pick-up tube shall be mounted in aposition that does not interfere with the unfolding cushion, andshall be rated for the temperature and pressure expected duringthe test.A1.3 Data Acquisition SystemA data acquisition systemshall be provided
49、 to measure and record the pressure versusD 5428 02 (2007)3time output of the pressure transducer. Filter requirements, datasampling rate, transducer frequency response, and amplifierfrequency response shall be such that minimal effect onaccuracy of the data occurs. Overall accuracy of the dataacquisition system shall be within 63%.A1.4 Temperature Conditioning ChambersChambersshould be provided to acclimate modules prior to testing, andshall be explosion resistant for the safety of the test personnel.Chamber capabilities shall extend from 55C (67F) to120
