1、Designation: D 5428 08Standard Practice forEvaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint Modules1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5428; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes the procedures and conditionsused to evaluate the physical performance of inflatable restraintmodules a
3、nd module components during and after deployment.1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may beobtained by this practice are internal cushion pressures deter-mined by instrumentation, cushion geometries determined byhigh-speed photography, and material integrity determined byvisual inspect
4、ion.1.3 This practice is applicable to driver and passenger sideinflatable restraint modules.1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in thispractice may be used by agreement between the purchaser andthe supplier with the specific deviations from the practiceacknowledged in the report.1.
5、5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independent of the other.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any,
6、 associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 6799 Termino
7、logy Relating to Inflatable Restraints2.2 Federal Standard:3CFR 49 Code of Federal Regulations2.3 SAE Standard:4J211 Instrumentation for Impact Test3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.2 For all terminology relating to D13.20, Inflatable Re-straints, refer to Terminology D 6799.3.2.1 The following terms
8、are relevant to this standard:breakout pressure, cushion, deployment, inflatable restraint,inflator, maximum inflation pressure, module3.3 For all other terms related to textiles, see TerminologyD 123.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Inflatable restraint modules are mounted into a test standthat allows for
9、 deployments under conditions that duplicate orclosely resemble the conditions in a vehicle.4.2 Instrumentation within the test stand charts inflationpressures versus time. High-speed photography visually cap-tures changing cushion geometries over time.4.3 Module deployments are reviewed for pressur
10、e and timerelationships, cushion geometries at one or more times duringthe cycle, and post-inflation material analysis.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended to be a general guideline forrepetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate datacollection for inflatable restraints.5.
11、2 This practice may be used by the purchaser and thesupplier to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraintmodules will be tested by the supplier to determine whether alot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.5.3 Unless otherwise specified by agreement between thepurchase
12、r and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the testconditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatablerestraint modules are deployed for testing. It is intended to beused as a guideline in establishing a written material specifi-cation or equivalent agreement between the purchaser and
13、thesupplier. The specification may deviate from the practicesdescribed herein when (based on experience) considerations offabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatablerestraint system design dictate otherwise.1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles a
14、ndis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.20 on Inflatable Restraints.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 5428 02(2007).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcon
15、tact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20525.4Available from the Society of Aut
16、omotive Engineers, 400 CommonwealthDrive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Interferences6.1 The pressure transducer and pickup tube must bemounted in a position which does not interfere wit
17、h theunfolding cushion.6.2 The pressure versus time data is subject to recordinganomalies and electronic noise. The data should be digitallyfiltered to obtain the underlying smooth pressure curve prior todata analysis.7. Apparatus7.1 Mounting Fixture, suitable for simulating as closely aspossible th
18、e physical features of the location of a modulemounted in a vehicle. See A1.1.7.2 Pressure Transducer and Pickup Tube, suitable formeasuring pressures inside the cushion from 0 to 689 kPa (0 to100 psi), mounted in a static or low-pressure area in the modulethat does not interfere with cushion deploy
19、ment, and capable ofwithstanding the temperatures of the conditioning chamber.See A1.2.7.3 Film or Tape Video System, suitable for recording thechanging geometry of the cushion during deployment at 1000or more frames per second, and capable of being synchronizedprecisely with a firing pulse.7.4 Data
20、 Acquisition System, suitable for recording theoutput of a pressure transducer versus elapsed time of deploy-ment. See A1.3.7.5 Conditioning Chamber, suitable for maintaining thetemperature of a module in a range between 55C (67F)and 120C (248F) with a tolerance of 62C (64F). SeeA1.4.7.6 Electrical
21、Firing Pulse Source, suitable for actuating theinflator and able to communicate with recording devicesdependent on an electrical starting signal. See A1.5.7.7 Lighting System, suitable for high-resolution photogra-phy.7.8 For inflatable restraints, all measurement equipmentused in accordance with th
22、e procedures referenced in thispractice shall be certified for calibration annually by anindependent agency or equipment manufacturer whose resultsare traceable to National Institute of Science and Technology(NIST) or other national standards laboratory. The test param-eters of the equipment shall b
23、e tested within the operatingranges covered in the material specification or equivalentdocument.8. Hazards8.1 Code of Federal Regulations 49 classifies inflatablerestraint inflators which incorporate pyrotechnic devices asExplosive Class C or Flammable Solid.8.2 Test facilities for conducting tests
24、on pyrotechnic de-vices must comply with all local and state building codes. Aproper floor plan should include a physical barrier between testpersonnel and the device under test. In addition, a temperature-controlled environment is important for test accuracy, and aroom fan is required to vent smoke
25、 and particulates from thetest bay.8.3 In consideration of safety for test personnel workingwith inflatable restraint devices, personnel involved in moduledeployments must be equipped with the appropriate equipmentand safety training. Examples of the necessary safety equip-ment include; remote firin
26、g systems, equipment shielding,laboratory clothing, safety glasses, gloves, and electrostaticgrounding straps. Proper written safety procedures shall befollowed in accordance with standard ordinance and pyrotech-nic industry practices. All applicable OSHA safety standardsshall be identified and comp
27、lied with.9. Sampling9.1 Assembly deployment is a destructive test and thereforenecessitates sampling procedures if used in conjunction withlot acceptance. The sampling plan shall be determined byagreement between the purchaser and the supplier.10. Temperature Conditioning10.1 Assembly deployment is
28、 a destructive test and there-fore necessitates sampling procedures if used in conjunctionwith lot acceptance. The sampling plan shall be determined byagreement of purchaser and supplier. Module assemblies areconditioned at cold, ambient, or hot temperatures prior todeployment. Unless otherwise spec
29、ified, the conditioning tem-peratures are: 30C (22F) for cold, 22C (72F) forambient, and 80C (176F) for hot. Use a temperature toler-ance of 62C (65F) and condition for a minimum of4htoensure establishment of moisture equilibrium.Assemblies shallbe placed in the conditioning chamber in a manner that
30、 allowsfree air movement and no direct contact with the chamberwalls.10.2 A conditioned module shall be deployed within 3 minof removal from the conditioning chamber. If the 3-min limit isexceeded, the module shall be reconditioned for 10 min forevery minute past the 3-min limit.11. Procedure11.1 Co
31、ndition the module in accordance with 10.1 and 10.2at the temperature specified for the test.11.2 Perform all system calibrations.11.3 Verify proper framing rate, camera settings, and light-ing intensity levels.11.4 Enter the test serial number into recording portions ofthe data acquisition and vide
32、o systems.11.5 Record the laboratory ambient temperature.11.6 In accordance with A1.1, mount the conditioned mod-ule onto the test stand making sure all fastening systems aresecure.11.7 Verify that the test firing leads are grounded prior toconnecting them to the inflator initiator.11.8 Close the do
33、or to the test bay and turn on the warninglight before arming the deployment switch.11.9 Connect the cable for supplying firing current to theinflator deployment switch.11.10 Review the checklist to ensure all prior listed actionsare completed before firing the module.11.11 Deploy the module and not
34、e the response of the dataacquisition system to verify successful deployment.11.12 Turn on the test bay exhaust fan to remove fumes orsmoke.D542808211.13 Remove the module from the test stand.12. Analysis of Results12.1 Video:12.1.1 Visually inspect the video data taken of the cushionat various time
35、s during the deployment, comparing the actualcushion geometries to the standard profile described in thematerial specification or other equivalent agreement.12.2 Pressure versus Time Plot:12.2.1 Digitize and filter the analog data in accordance withSection 10 of SAE J211.12.2.2 Compare the digitized
36、 and filtered data to the speci-fied profile of pressure versus time, noting key indicators thatinclude, but are not limited to, the magnitude and time ofbreakout pressure and maximum inflation pressure.12.3 Component Material Analysis:12.3.1 Visually inspect the physical condition of the moduleand
37、its components, comparing them to standard post-deployment conditions described in the material specificationor other equivalent agreement.12.3.2 Items for visual inspection include, but are notlimited to, retention of general cushion integrity, seam integ-rity, mounting device integrity, inflator i
38、ntegrity, and signs ofabnormal stress to the cushion fabric.13. Conformance13.1 The test results of the module deployment must con-form to allowable ranges listed in the applicable materialspecification or other agreement between the purchaser and thesupplier in order to warrant release of the shipm
39、ent of moduleassemblies.13.2 Nonconformity shall be reported by the supplier to thepurchaser in writing. A lot that fails to conform to moduledeployment requirements as specified or as otherwise agreedupon may only be released for shipment upon written consentof the purchaser.14. Report14.1 State th
40、at the module or module lot was tested inaccordance with ASTM Practice D 5428 for evaluating theperformance of inflatable restraint modules. Describe themodule sampled and the method of sampling used.14.2 The purchaser and the supplier shall determine theexact form of the laboratory report. Unless o
41、therwise specified,the form shall provide the following information:14.2.1 Applicable specification or reference to agreementbetween the purchaser and the supplier describing moduledeployment requirements,14.2.2 Description or designation of the test,14.2.3 Conditioning temperature,14.2.4 Module des
42、ignation,14.2.5 Identification of lot and lot samples,14.2.6 Specification or performance parameters,14.2.7 Results of each evaluation,14.2.8 Name of tester,14.2.9 Date of test, and14.2.10 Deviations from standard practice procedures andapparatus.14.3 Report pressure versus time graphically with pre
43、ssurealong the vertical axis and time along the horizontal axis. Notethe magnitude and time of breakout pressure and maximuminflation pressure.14.4 Report results of video analysis as either conformity ornonconformity of the inflated cushion geometry to fit within amaximum allowable geometry at a sp
44、ecified time during thedeployment as described in the material specification orequivalent document.14.5 Report results of the visual inspection of the compo-nents as conformity or nonconformity to normally expectedconditions of post-deployment components as described in thematerial specification or
45、equivalent document.15. Precision and Bias15.1 The precision and bias of the procedure in PracticeD 5428 for plotting pressure versus time for video analysis, andfor component material analysis is being determined.16. Keywords16.1 airbag; cushion; deployment; dynamic performance;inflatable restraint
46、; moduleANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. Detailed Description of ApparatusA1.1 Mounting FixtureThe module test fixture shall allowfor the easy but secure attachment of the module assembly inaccordance with the intent of the test, both driver and passen-ger side. It shall hold the module secure during
47、 the entiredeployment in an orientation and manner consistent with theintended vehicle installation of the module and the objective ofthe test, and with a level of support similar to that in theintended vehicle with respect to the steering wheel, steeringcolumn, and instrument panel.The module shall
48、 be oriented forfree deployment of the cushion.A1.2 Pressure TransducerThe pressure transducer shallbe mounted to the module with a rigid wall pick-up tube insidethe cushion in order to measure internal cushion pressure. Thepressure transducer and the pick-up tube shall be mounted in aposition that
49、does not interfere with the unfolding cushion, andshall be rated for the temperature and pressure expected duringthe test.A1.3 Data Acquisition SystemA data acquisition systemshall be provided to measure and record the pressure versusD5428083time output of the pressure transducer. Filter requirements, datasampling rate, transducer frequency response, and amplifierfrequency response shall be such that minimal effect onaccuracy of the data occurs. Overall accuracy of the dataacquisition system shall be within 63%.A1.4 Temperature Conditioning ChambersChambersshou
