1、Designation: D5434 12Standard Guide forField Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5434; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide describes the type of information that shouldbe recorded during field subsurface explorations in soil androck.1.2 This gu
3、ide is not intended to specify all of the informa-tion required for preparing field logs. Such requirements willvary depending on the purpose of the investigation, theintended use of the field log, and particular needs of the clientor user.1.3 This guide is applicable to boreholes, auger holes,excav
4、ated pits, or other subsurface exposures such as road sidecuts or stream banks. This guide may serve as a supplement toGuide D420.1.4 This guide may not be suited to all types of subsurfaceexploration such as mining, agricultural, geologic hazardouswaste, or other special types of exploration.1.5 Th
5、is standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This guide offers
6、 an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This
7、ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care of which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that
8、 the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction Purposes3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampl
9、ing byAugerBoringsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD2488 Practice for Description and Identifica
10、tion of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D2573 Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in CohesiveSoilD3441 Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Testsof SoilD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in
11、 Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD4403 Practice for Extensometers Used in RockD4544 Practice for Estimating Peat
12、Deposit ThicknessD4623 Test Method for Determination of In Situ Stress inRock Mass by Overcoring MethodUSBM BoreholeDeformation GaugeD4633 Test Method for Energy Measurement for DynamicPenetrometers1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsib
13、ility of D18.07 onIdentification and Classification of Soils.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published March 2012. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D543409. DOI:10.1520/D5434-12.2For referenced ASTM standard, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
14、 ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page ofthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the
15、end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D4645 Test Method for Determination of In-Situ Stress inRock Using Hydraulic Fracturing MethodD4719 Test Methods for Prebored Pressuremeter Testing inSoilsD4750 Test
16、 Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)3D4879 Guide for Geotechnical Mapping of Large Under-ground Openings in RockD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD6032 Test Method for Determining Rock Quality Desig-nation (R
17、QD) of Rock Core3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Except as listed below, all definitions are inaccordance with Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 field loga record prepared during subsurface explo-rations of soil and rock to document procedures used, test data,de
18、scriptions of materials and depths where encountered,ground water conditions, and other information.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide describes the type of information that shouldbe recorded during the execution of field subsurface explora-tions in soil and rock. The information described relates to
19、 theproject, personnel, methods of investigation and equipmentused, visual description of subsurface materials and groundwater conditions, in-situ testing, installation of monitoringequipment, and other data that may be appropriate.5. Significance and Use5.1 The preparation of field logs provides do
20、cumentation offield exploration procedures and findings for geotechnical,geologic, hydrogeologic, and other investigations of subsurfacesite conditions. This guide may be used for a broad range ofinvestigations.5.2 The recorded information in a field log will depend onthe specific purpose of the sit
21、e investigation. All of theinformation given in this guide need not appear in all field logs.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria
22、 of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective sampling. Users of this practice are cautioned that compli-ance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means ofevaluating some of t
23、hose factors.6. Summary of Work6.1 Soil and rock field logs should include the followingwritten information:6.1.1 Project information should include:6.1.1.1 Name and location of the project or project number,or both,6.1.1.2 Name of personnel onsite during the exploration,such as drilling crew, super
24、visor, geologist, engineer, andtechnicians,6.1.1.3 Names and addresses of organizations involved,6.1.1.4 Name of person(s) preparing log,6.1.1.5 Reference datum for project if available and descrip-tion of datum, and6.1.1.6 General remarks as appropriate.6.1.2 Exploration information should include:
25、6.1.2.1 Exploration number and location (station and coor-dinates if available and applicable, position relative to a localpermanent reference which is identified, or markings of explo-ration location),6.1.2.2 Type of exploration, such as drill hole, auger hole,test pit, or road cut,6.1.2.3 Date and
26、 time of start and finish,6.1.2.4 Weather conditions including recent rain or otherevents that could affect subsurface conditions,6.1.2.5 Depth and size of completed exploration,6.1.2.6 The condition of exploration prior to and afterbackfilling or sealing, or both, and6.1.2.7 Method of backfilling o
27、r sealing exploration, orboth.6.1.3 Explorations by drill hole or auger hole should includethe following drilling information:6.1.3.1 Type and make (manufacture and model if known)of drilling machine or description and name of contractor,6.1.3.2 Method of drilling or advancing and cleaning theboreho
28、le. State if air, water, or drilling fluid is used. Describetype, source of water and additives, concentration, and testsperformed on fluid,6.1.3.3 Size, type, and section length of drilling rods (roddesignations should conform with Table 3 of Method D2113)and drilling bits used.6.1.3.4 Dates and ti
29、mes of each stage of operation and timeto complete intervals,6.1.3.5 Size of hole (diameter and depth),6.1.3.6 Ground elevation at top of borehole,6.1.3.7 Orientation of drill hole, if not vertical (azimuth orbearing and angle),NOTE 2Even with careful drilling, the actual subsurface path of bothvert
30、ical and inclined drill holes may be different from the intendeddirection of drilling. Deflection of the drill bit due to inclined bedding andhard boulders are some of the many reasons a drill hole might deviatefrom the intended direction. Drill holes that deviate from the intendeddirection can give
31、 erroneous data if not corrected. This can lead tosignificant interpretation errors of subsurface conditions and geologicstructure. Depending on intended use of the data, it may be prudent toperform a borehole survey so the borehole spatial data can be corrected.6.1.3.8 Size and description of casin
32、g, if appropriate,method of casing installation (driven, drilled, or pushed) anddepth of cased portion of boring (casing size designationsshould conform with Table 2 of Method D2113), hollow-stemaugers,6.1.3.9 Methods used for cleaning equipment or drillingtools, or both, when required, and6.1.3.10
33、Describe and state depth of any drilling problemssuch as borehole instability (cave in, squeezing hole, flowingsands), cobbles, lost drilling fluid, lost ground, obstruction,fluid return color changes, and equipment problems.6.1.4 Exploration by test pit, road cut, stream cut, etc.,should include:D5
34、434 1226.1.4.1 Method of exploration,6.1.4.2 Equipment used for excavation,6.1.4.3 Type of shoring used, and6.1.4.4 Excavation problems: instability of cut (sloughing,caving, etc.), depth of refusal, difficulty of excavating, etc.6.1.5 Subsurface information should include:6.1.5.1 Depth of changes a
35、nd discontinuities in geologicmaterial and method used to establish change (such as PracticeD4544).6.1.5.2 Description of material encountered with origin orformation name, if possible, and type of samples used fordescription. The system or method of soil (such as PracticesD2488 and D4083) or rock d
36、escription should be referenced.6.1.5.3 Description of nature of boundary between strata(gradual or abrupt, as appropriate) and other relevant structuralfeatures such as breccia, slickensides, solution zones, discol-orations by weathering or hydrothermal fluids, and otherstratigraphic information.6.
37、1.6 Soil or rock sampling and testing information shouldinclude:6.1.6.1 Depth of each sample and number (if used),6.1.6.2 Method of sampling (reference to appropriateASTM standard, for example, Practice D1452, Test MethodD1586, Method D1587, Practice D3550, or other method).6.1.6.3 Description of sa
38、mpler: inside and outside dimen-sions, length, type of metal, type of coating, and type of liner,6.1.6.4 Method of sampler insertion: pushed, cored, ordriven,6.1.6.5 Sampler penetration and recovery length of sample.For each rock sample (core run), record the rock qualitydesignation (RQD) in accorda
39、nce with Test Method D6032,and the rate of coring,6.1.6.6 Method of sample extrusion. Mark direction ofextrusion,6.1.6.7 Method of preserving samples and preparing fortransport (refer to Practices D4220 or D5079),6.1.6.8 Mark top and bottom of samples and orientation, ifpossible,6.1.6.9 Depth and de
40、scription of any in-situ test performed(reference to applicable ASTM standard, for example, TestMethods D1586, D2573, D3441, D4623, D4633, D4645,D4719, or other tests if applicable),6.1.6.10 Description of any other field tests conducted onsoil and rock during the exploration such as pH, hydraulicco
41、nductivity, pressuremeter geophysical, pocket penetrometer,soil gas/vapor analysis, or other tests, and6.1.6.11 Destination or recipient of samples and method oftransportation.6.1.7 Ground water information should include:6.1.7.1 Depths and times at which ground water is encoun-tered, including seep
42、age zones, if appropriate,6.1.7.2 In the case of drilling using drilling fluid, depth offluid surface in boring and drilling depth at the time of a notedloss or gain in drilling fluid,6.1.7.3 Depth to ground water level at the completion ofdrilling and removal of drill steel and description of datum
43、(note condition of borehole, for example, cased or uncased).Date and time measured,6.1.7.4 Depth to ground water level at some reported timeperiod following completion of drilling and description ofdatum, when possible.6.1.7.5 Method or equipment used to determine depth ofground water level, such as
44、 Test Method D4750,6.1.7.6 Method and depth of ground water samples ob-tained, including size of samples taken and description ofsampler, and6.1.7.7 Description of any field tests conducted on groundwater samples such as pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity,or odor.6.1.8 Information regarding in
45、stallation of instrumentationor monitoring equipment should include:6.1.8.1 Type of equipment installed, for example, piezom-eters, monitoring well screens, inclinometer, including sizesand types of materials,6.1.8.2 Depth and description of equipment installed (refer-ence to applicable ASTM standar
46、d, for example, PracticeD4403, or other standards or procedures),6.1.8.3 Methods used for installation of equipment andmethod used for sealing annular space, and6.1.8.4 Methods used to protect equipment (casing cap orlocks).6.2 Soil and rock field logs should include the followingpictorial informati
47、on:6.2.1 Maps, drawings, or sketches of area of exploration andsubsurface surfaces observed. Include pertinent surface infor-mation such as neighboring outcrops, as appropriate. Describesystem of mapping, such as Guide D4879 for rock, or legendfor symbols of materials. Include dimensions, directions
48、, andslopes, and6.2.2 Photographs of activities, surfaces, or core. Describesequence, dates and time, direction, objects used for scale, andsubject.7. Keywords7.1 drilling; explorations; geologic investigations; groundwater; logging; preliminary investigations; sampling; soil in-vestigations; subsur
49、face investigationsD5434 123SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this guide since the last issue, D543409,that may impact the use of this guide. (Approved February 1, 2012)(1) Revised 6.1.6.5.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This stan
