1、Designation: D5438 11Standard Practice forCollection of Floor Dust for Chemical Analysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5438; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the collection of asample of dust from carpets and bare floors that can beanalyzed for lead, pesticides,
3、 or other chemical compounds andelements.1.2 This practice is applicable to a variety of carpeted andbare floor surfaces. It has been tested for level loop and plushpile carpets and bare wood floors, specifically.1.3 This practice is not intended for the collection andevaluation of dust for the pres
4、ence of asbestos fibers.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this st
5、andard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresE1 Spec
6、ification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)E1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resis-tance ThermometersE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with L
7、ow-Hazard Precision LiquidsF608 Test Method for Evaluation of Carpet Embedded DirtRemoval Effectiveness of Household/Commercial VacuumCleaners3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, refer to Terminology D1356.3.1.1 carpet-embedded dustsoil and other particulate
8、mat-ter, approximately 5-m equivalent aerodynamic diameter andlarger, embedded in carpet pile and normally removable byhousehold vacuum cleaners.3.1.2 surface dustsoil and other particulate matter, ap-proximately 5-m equivalent aerodynamic diameter and larger,adhering to floor surfaces and normally
9、removable by house-hold vacuum cleaners.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The sampling method described in this practice is takenfrom work published in Roberts, et al (1-3),3and Stamper, et al(4).4.2 Particulate matter is withdrawn from the carpet or barefloor by means of vacuum-induced suction which drawst
10、hrough a sampling nozzle at a specific velocity and flow rate,and the particles are separated mechanically by a cyclone. Thecyclone is designed to efficiently separate and collect particlesapproximately 5-m mean aerodynamic diameter and larger.However, much smaller particles are also collected at un
11、knownefficiencies. The sampling system allows for height, air flow,and suction adjustments to reproduce systematically a specificair velocity for the removal of particulate matter from carpetedand bare floor surfaces, so that these sampling conditions canbe repeated.NOTE 1Side-by-side comparison of
12、the HVS3 and a conventionalupright vacuum cleaner revealed that both collected particles down to atleast 0.2 m and that the HVS3 was more efficient at collecting particlessmaller than 20 m than conventional vacuum cleaners (5). If desired, afine-particle filter may be added downstream of the cyclone
13、 to collect99.9 % of particles above 0.2 m aerodynamic mean diameter.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2011. Published August 2011. Originallyapproved in
14、 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D5438 - 05. DOI:10.1520/D5438-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
15、e onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3 The particulate matter in the air stream is collected in acatch
16、bottle attached to the bottom of the collection cyclone.This catch bottle shall be capped for storage of the sample andtransported to the laboratory for analysis.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice may be used to collect dust from carpetedor bare floor surfaces for gravimetric or chemical analy
17、sis. Thecollected sample is substantially unmodified by the samplingprocedure.5.2 This practice provides for a reproducible dust removalrate from level loop and plush carpets, as well as bare floors. Ithas the ability to achieve relatively constant removal efficiencyat different loadings of surface
18、dust.5.3 This practice also provides for the efficient capture ofsemivolatile organic chemicals associated with the dust. Thetest system can be fitted with special canisters downstream ofthe cyclone for the capture of specific semivolatile organicchemicals that may volatilize from the dust particles
19、 duringcollection.5.4 This practice does not describe procedures for evalua-tion of the safety of floor surfaces or the potential humanexposure to carpet dust. It is the users responsibility toevaluate the data collected by this practice and make suchdeterminations in the light of other available in
20、formation.6. Interferences6.1 There are no known interferences to the determinationof dust loadings covered by this practice.7. Apparatus7.1 Sampling Apparatus, which may be acquired commer-cially4(as shown in Fig. 1) or constructed as follows:7.1.1 The dimensions of the sampling apparatus (nozzlesi
21、ze, cyclone diameter, cyclone inlet diameter, etc.) are inter-dependent. The flow rate must produce a sufficient velocityboth at the sampled surface and in the cyclone. The cyclonemust have a cut diameter of 5 m at the same velocity that willprovide a horizontal velocity of 40 cm/s at 10 mm from the
22、nozzle in the carpet material, or 5 mm from the nozzle on barefloors. The fundamental principles of this device have beendiscussed in detail in Roberts, et al (1-3).7.1.2 NozzleThe edges and corners of the samplingnozzle shall be rounded to prevent catching the carpet material.The nozzle must be con
23、structed to allow for sufficient suctionto separate loose particles from the carpet or bare floor andcarry them to the cyclone. It must have an adjustment mecha-nism to establish the nozzle lip parallel to the surface and toachieve the proper suction velocity and pressure drop acrossthe nozzle. A no
24、zzle 12.4 cm long and 1 cm wide, with a13-mm flange and tapered to the nozzle tubing at no more than30, will yield the appropriate velocities when operated asspecified in Section 11.7.1.3 GasketsGaskets in joints should be of a materialappropriate to avoid sample contamination.7.1.4 CycloneThe cyclo
25、ne shall be of a specific size suchthat a given air flow allows for separation of the particles 5-mmean aerodynamic diameter and larger. The cyclone must bemade of aluminum or stainless steel, and the catch bottle mustbe made of clear glass or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)to avoid contaminati
26、on and allow the operator to see thesample.7.1.5 Flow Control SystemThe flow control system shallallow for substantial volume adjustment. The suction sourcemust be capable of drawing 12 L/s through the system with norestrictions other than the nozzle, cyclone, and flow controlsystem connected. An up
27、right commercial vacuum cleanerwith a seven amp or greater motor capable of pulling a vacuumof 6.5 kPa may be used for this purpose.7.1.6 Flow Measuring and Suction Gauges Two vacuumgauges are required one with a range of 0 to 3.7 kPa is usedfor setting flow rate and another with a range of 0 to 2.5
28、 kPa isused to set the pressure drop across the vacuum nozzle.7.1.7 Optional filter holder assembly with appropriate fineparticle filter, such as a 25-cm micro-quartz-fibre, binderless,acid-washed filter.57.2 Other Equipment:7.2.1 Stopwatch.7.2.2 Masking Tape and Marking Pen, for outlining sectionsf
29、or sampling.4The sampling device used in the development and performance evaluation ofthis test method (P/N HVS3) was manufactured by CS-3, Inc., http:/www.cs-,which is the sole source of supply of the sampler known to the committee at thistime. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please prov
30、ide this information to theCommittee on Standards, ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Consho-hocken, PA 19428. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.5A filter holder for circular 25cm particle filters and f
31、low control valveassembly which replaces the normal flow control assembly is available from themanufacturer of the floor vacuum device.FIG. 1 Floor Dust Sampler Using a Commercial Vacuum Cleaner as the Suction SourceD5438 1127.2.3 Clean Aluminum Foil and Clean Glass or FEP Jars,for the collection an
32、d storage of samples.7.2.4 Thermometer (see Specification E1, E1137/E1137M,or E2251).7.2.5 Relative Humidity Meter (see Test Method E337,Method A, which allows use of alternative thermometers).7.2.6 Shaker Sieve, as specified in Test Method D422, with100 mesh-screen above the pan to separate the fin
33、e dust below150 m.7.2.7 Analytical Balance, sensitive to at least 0.1 mg andhaving a weighing range from 0.1 mg to 1000 g.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the
34、 specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available (6).8.2 Methanol is required for sampling train cleaning aftersample collection.9. Sampling Strategy9.1 The overall sampling strategy should be designed toaddress the goa
35、ls of the study. Users should consider factorssuch as foot traffic volume, types of activities, proximity topotential sources, etc. The sampling strategy should be de-scribed in the sampling report so it can be taken into consid-eration when readers are comparing loadings or concentrations,or both,
36、to those obtained from other studies. The idealsampling location(s) for the beginning of the test procedure arean area that conforms with the protocol for the users overallsampling strategy. For example, when sampling in a home forchild exposure assessment, protocol may require the selectionof a car
37、peted area for sampling where small children play orare likely to play.10. Pretest Preparation and Calibration10.1 CalibrationThe sampling system described in thispractice does not have any calibrated flow devices other thanthe cyclone and the Magnehelic gauges. The cyclone used forthe separation of
38、 the particles must be designed to give properseparation at varying flow rates throughout the sampling rangeof the system. The pressure gauges and any other devices (thatis, temperature gauge) used for testing purposes should becalibrated against a primary standard.10.1.1 Pressure GaugesPressure gau
39、ges shall be cali-brated against an inclined manometer or other primary standardprior to any field test. One means of checking a Magnehelicgauge is to set a flow rate through the sampling system with amanometer and then switch to the Magnehelic gauge. If thedifference in the readings is more than 3
40、%, the gauge isleaking or is in need of repair or calibration. This should bedone at two different flow rates when checking the gauge.10.1.2 The cyclone flow measurement is calibrated with alaminar flow element, spirometer, or roots meter. See theappendix for cyclone calibration with a laminar flow
41、element.10.2 Pretest Preparation:10.2.1 Each catch bottle to be used shall be clean andinspected for any contamination. The bottles should be markedwith masking tape and a marking pen for identification of thetest site, time, and date.10.2.2 The sampling train shall be inspected to ensure that ithas
42、 been cleaned and assembled properly.10.2.3 The sampling train shall be leak-checked prior tosampling. This can be accomplished by placing a mailingenvelope or a piece of cardboard beneath the nozzle andswitching on the suction source. The flow Magnehelic gaugeshould read 5 Pa (0.02 in. H2O) or less
43、 to ensure that thesystem is leak free. If any leakage is detected, the system shallbe inspected for the cause and corrected before use.11. Sampling11.1 Sampling a Carpeted Floor:11.1.1 Pre-Test SurveyImmediately prior to testing, com-plete a data form recording all requested information andsketch t
44、he area to be sampled. (See Fig. 2 for a sample dataform.)11.1.2 Select a sampling area in accordance with the estab-lished protocol for your sampling campaign. This should bedetermined prior to testing.11.1.3 A typical sampling procedure may use measuringtapes placed on the carpet so that they are
45、parallel to each otherand on either side of the portion of carpet to be sampled (Fig.3). The measuring tapes should be between 0.5 and 1.5-m apartand extended as far as practical. They should be taped to thecarpet with masking tape every 30 cm.11.1.4 Place the sampler in one corner of the sampling a
46、reaand adjust the flow rate and pressure drop according to the typeof carpet (see 11.1.8). The two factors that affect the efficiencyof the sampling system are the flow rate and pressure drop atthe nozzle. The pressure drop at the nozzle is a function of theflow rate and distance between the surface
47、 and the nozzleflange.11.1.5 Clean the wheels and nozzle lip with a clean labora-tory tissue immediately before sampling. Begin sampling bymoving the nozzle between the ends of the two measuringtapes. The sampler is then moved back and forth four times onthe first strip, moving the sampler at approx
48、imately 0.5 m/s.(The widths of the strips are defined by the width of thesampling nozzle.) Effective nozzle width is 13 cm for the CS3sampler. Move in a straight line between the numbers on themeasuring tape.Angle over to the second strip on the next passgradually, and repeat four double passes. Aft
49、er samplingapproximately 0.5 m2, determine the amount of collectedmaterial in the bottom of the catch bottle. As a rough estimate,the collection of dust to a depth of 6 mm in a 55-mm diametercatch bottle corresponds to approximately 6 to 8 g. If there isless than 6 mm of dust, sample an additional 0.5 m2next to thearea already sampled. Hair, carpet fibers, and other largeobjects should be excluded from the sample when estimatingthe quantity collected.11.1.6 Continue sampling in the area laid out until anadequate sample is collected. Switch off the vacu
