1、Designation: D 5452 06Designation: 423/97An American National StandardStandard Test Method forParticulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by LaboratoryFiltration1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defen
3、se.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determinationby filtration of particulate contaminant in a sample of aviationturbine fuel delivered to a laboratory.1.1.1 The sample is filtered through a test membrane and acontrol membrane using vacuum. The mass change differenceidentifies th
4、e contaminant level per unit volume.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the us
5、er of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see 4.2, 7.3, 7.5, 11.3, and X1.7.2. Before using thisstandard, refer to suppliers safety labels, material safety datashee
6、ts, and technical literature.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-temD 2244 P
7、ractice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD 2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Avia-tion Fuel by Line SamplingD 3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD 4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample C
8、ontainers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD 6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation TurbineFuel3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bond, vto connect two parts of a system electricallyby means of
9、a bonding wire to eliminate voltage differences.3.1.2 ground, vtto connect electrically with ground(earth).3.1.3 membrane filter, na porous article of closely con-trolled pore size through which a liquid is passed to separatematter in suspension.3.1.3.1 DiscussionRR:D0210123contains informationon me
10、mbrane filters that meet the requirements therein.3.1.4 particulate, adjof or relating to minute separateparticles.3.1.4.1 DiscussionSolids generally composed of oxides,silicates, and fuel insoluble salts.3.1.5 volatile fuelsrelatively wide boiling range volatiledistillate.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThese ar
11、e identified as Jet B in Speci-fication D 6615 or the military grade known as JP-4. Any fuelor mixture having a flash point less than 38C must beconsidered volatile.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility
12、of SubcommitteeD02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 545205.This test method has been separated from D 2276 and has been modifiedprimarily to establish improved safety measu
13、res.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Supporting data (including a list of suppliers who have
14、provided data indicatingtheir membranes, field monitors, and field monitor castings) have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting ResearchReport RR: D021012.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
15、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A known volume of fuel is filtered through a pre-weighed test membrane filter and the increase in membranefilter mass is weight determined after washing and drying. Thechange in weight of a cont
16、rol membrane located immediatelybelow the test membrane filter is also determined. The objec-tive of using a control membrane is to assess whether the fuelitself influences the weight of a membrane. The particulatecontaminant is determined from the increase in mass of the testmembrane relative to th
17、e control membrane filter.4.2 In order to ensure safety in handling, the test methodrequires that volatile fuels be transferred from the samplecontainer to the funnel without pouring. Fuels having a verifiedflash point greater than 38C (refer to Test Method D56or TestMethods D93or D 3828) may be tra
18、nsferred by pouring thesample from the sample container directly into the funnel.Bonding the sample container to the funnel is required.(WarningVolatile fuels such as JP-4 and Jet B or mixtureshaving flash points below 38C have been ignited by electro-static discharges when poured through membrane f
19、ilters.)4.3 Appendix X2 describes safety precautions to avoidstatic discharge in filtering fuel through membranes.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a gravimetric measurement ofthe particulate matter present in a sample of aviation turbinefuels delivered to a laboratory for evaluat
20、ion. The objective isto minimize these contaminants to avoid filter plugging andother operational problems. Although tolerable levels of par-ticulate contaminants have not yet been established for allpoints in fuel distribution systems, the total contaminantmeasurement is normally of most interest.6
21、. Apparatus6.1 Analytical Balance, single- or double-pan, the precisionstandard deviation of which must be 0.07 mg or better.6.2 Oven, of the static type (without fan-assisted air circu-lation), controlling to 90 6 5C.6.3 Petri Dishes, approximately 125 mm in diameter withremovable glass supports fo
22、r membrane filters.6.4 Forceps, flat-bladed with unserrated, non-pointed tips.6.5 Vacuum System.6.6 Test Membrane Filters,3,4plain, 47-mm diameter,nominal pore size 0.8 m (see Note 1).6.7 Control Membrane Filters,3,447-mm diameter, nominalpore size 0.8 m. (Gridded control membrane filters may beused
23、 for purpose of identification.)NOTE 1Matched weight membrane filters,447-mm diameter, nominalpore size 0.8 m, may be used as test and control membrane filters if sodesired. Use of matched-weight membrane filters precludes the necessityfor carrying out subsequently the procedures detailed in Section
24、 10.6.8 Dispenser for Filtered Flushing Fluid, 0.45-m mem-brane filters to be provided in the delivery line (see Fig. 1).Alternatively, flushing fluid that has been pre-filtered through a0.45 m membrane before delivery to the dispenser flask isacceptable.6.9 Air Ionizer, for the balance case. See No
25、te 2 and Note 3.NOTE 2When using a solid-pan balance, the air ionizer may beomitted provided that, when weighing a membrane filter, it is placed onthe pan so that no part protrudes over the edge of the pan.NOTE 3Air ionizers should be replaced within 1 year of manufacture.6.10 Filtration Apparatus,
26、of the type shown in Fig. 2.Itconsists of a funnel and a funnel base with a filter support suchthat a membrane filter can be gripped between the sealingsurface and the base by means of a locking ring. Use a metalfunnel with at least a 70-mm diameter at the top.6.11 Support Apparatus, as shown in Fig
27、. X3.1, havingadjustable height, integral spill collection pan at the base, andan edge on the can shelf to prevent the can from slipping off.The shelf is slotted. Refer to Fig. X3.1 for fabrication details.6.12 Dispensing Cap or Plug, with approximately 9.5-mminside diameter hose barb 32-mm long on
28、which a 75 to100-mm long piece of fuel resistant, flexible, plastic tubing isinstalled (see Fig. 2). The plug is for sample containers having34 in. (19 mm) female pipe threads while the cap is forcontainers having 1.75 in. (44 mm) diameter sheet metalthreads. Dispensing spouts for other containers m
29、ust be fabri-cated. The closure gasket shall be made of a fuel resistantmaterial. A paper composition material is not acceptable.6.13 Feed Container, shall be a 3.8 to 5-L (1-gal) epoxylined sample can, preferably the same container in which thesample was collected.6.14 Receiving Flask, shall be gla
30、ss or metal. A graduatedglass flask is preferred so that the space remaining for fuel canbe observed. The filtration apparatus is fitted to the top of theflask. The flask shall be fitted with a side arm to connect thevacuum system. The flask should be large enough to containthe sample and flushing f
31、luids.4All available membrane filters are not suitable for this application. Apparatusconsidered for this application shall be checked by the user for suitability inaccordance with the requirements of RR: D021012, 1994 revision.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Filtering and Dispensing Flushing FluidD54520626.15
32、 Safety Flask, shall be glass containing a sidearmattached to the receiving flask with a fuel and solvent resistantrubber hose and shall be connected to the vacuum system.6.16 Ground/Bond Wire, #10#19 (0.9122.59 mm) barestranded flexible, stainless steel or copper installed in the flasksand grounded
33、 as shown in Fig. 2. If a metallic flask(s) is usedinstead of glass, the flask(s) must be grounded.6.17 Plastic Film, polyethylene or any other clear film notadversely affected by flushing fluids.6.18 Multimeter/VOM, used for determining whether elec-trical continuity is 10 ohms or less between 2 po
34、ints.7. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.5
35、Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water as definedby Type I
36、II of Specification D 1193.7.3 Isopropyl Alcohol,(WarningFlammable.)7.4 Liquid Detergent, water-soluble.7.5 Flushing FluidsPetroleum spirit (also known as pe-troleum ether or IP Petroleum Spirit 40/60), having boilingrange from 35 to 60C. (WarningExtremely flammable.Harmful if inhaled. Vapors are ea
37、sily ignited by electrostaticdischarges, causing flash fire. See Appendix X2.)7.6 Filtered Flushing FluidsFiltered fluids are fluids fil-tered through a nominal 0.45-m membrane filter. Filteredflushing fluids are most conveniently obtained by means of thedispenser described in Fig. 1.8. Sampling8.1
38、All containers and their closures, sampling lines, andother equipment used in obtaining the sample for analysis mustbe thoroughly cleaned as described in Section 9. Containersused must conform to the criteria set forth in Practice D 4306.8.2 To obtain a representative sample from a fuel stream andto
39、 avoid external contamination, the sample may be drawnfrom the flushing line of a field sampling kit (see Test MethodD 2276). Ensure that the line is first flushed with the fuel to besampled and that the line is externally clean.8.3 Whether or not a sampling kit is available, suitableprecautions mus
40、t be taken to avoid sample contamination by5Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Do
41、rset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 2 Apparatus for Determining Total ContaminantD5452063the use of a suitable sampling point in accordance with TestMethod D 2276. If the quick-disconnect sampling connect
42、ionis not used, a stainless steel ball or plug type valve should beselected as its internal design avoids the possibility of trappingor generating solid contaminant. Samples that are collected forgeneral laboratory or chemical analysis are not necessarilysuitable for this test method because insuffi
43、cient care may havebeen taken to avoid particulate contamination.8.4 Where possible a 3.8 to 5-L (1-gal) fuel sample shouldbe taken, preferably in the same container that will be used inthe test to avoid the need to transfer from one container toanother with increased possibility of contamination. R
44、esultsobtained by taking other sample volumes may have differentprecisions.8.5 The sample volume must be quoted with the results. Ifthe sample was transferred from one container to anotherbefore the test was performed, this must also be noted with thetest results.9. Preparation of Apparatus and Samp
45、le Containers9.1 Clean all components of the filtration apparatus, samplecontainers, and their closures as described in 9.1.1-9.1.7. Cleanpetri dishes as described in 9.1.2-9.1.7.9.1.1 Remove any labels, tags, and so forth.9.1.2 Wash with warm tap water containing detergent.9.1.3 Rinse thoroughly wi
46、th warm tap water.9.1.4 Rinse thoroughly with reagent water. Container capsshould be handled only externally with clean laboratorycrucible tongs during this and subsequent washing.9.1.5 Rinse thoroughly with filtered isopropyl alcohol.9.1.6 Rinse thoroughly with filtered flushing fluid.9.1.7 Keep a
47、clean piece of plastic film rinsed with filteredflushing fluid over the top of the sample container until theclosure is installed. Similarly protect the funnel opening of theassembled filtration apparatus with clean plastic film untilready for use.10. Preparation of Test and Control Membrane Filters
48、10.1 Two 47-mm membrane filters of nominal pore size0.8-m are required: a test and a control membrane filter.Matched-weight membrane filters may be used if so desired(see Note 1). If matched-weight membrane filters are used, it isunnecessary to carry out the procedures detailed in this sectionbecaus
49、e they had been carried out previously by the membranefilter supplier. The two membrane filters used for each indi-vidual test should be identified by marking the petri dishes usedas containers. Glassware used in preparation of membranefilters must be cleaned as described in 9.1.10.1.1 Using forceps, place the test and control membranefilters side by side in a clean petri dish. To facilitate handling,the membrane filters should rest on clean glass support rods inthe petri dish.10.1.2 Place the petri dish with its lid slightly ajar, in anoven at 90
