1、Designation: D 5458 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Method forPeel Cling of Stretch Wrap Film1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5458; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures cling between two layers offilm, in both a stretched and unstretched condition.1.2 This standard does not
3、purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
4、2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics3D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCh
5、aracteristic of a Lot or ProcessE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for packaging and dis-tribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stan
6、dard:3.2.1 clingthe property of a materials ability to adhere toitself.3.2.2 stretch wrap materiala material used for over-wrapping which, when applied under tension, elongates, andthrough elastic recovery, conforms to the item(s) packaged.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is a peel clin
7、g procedure. A1 in. (25mm) wide film strip is adhered to a flat film attached to aninclined surface. The force required to remove the film stripfrom the flat film is measured.5. Significance and Use5.1 Cling is of critical importance in maintaining a tightwrap after a load is stretch wrapped.6. Equi
8、pment and Preparation6.1 ApparatusAuniversal testing machine with a constantrate of grip separation equipped, as follows:6.1.1 One lightweight jaw equipped with 1 by 1.5 in. (25 by38 mm) flat rubber-faced grips,6.1.2 Cling attachment (see Figs. 1-5),6.1.3 Cling clamp (see Fig. 6),6.1.4 Load cell, 50
9、0-g load capacity,6.1.5 If using pneumatic grips, air supply, 60 to 70 psi withappropriate filter,6.1.6 Sample template, picture-frame style with inside di-mensions of 5 by 20 in. (125 by 500 mm),6.1.7 Precision sample cutter, 1 6 0.001 in. (25.4 mm 60.03 mm) width, with precision of 1 6 0.001 in. (
10、25.4 6 0.03mm),46.1.8 Single-edged safety razor blade,6.1.9 Synthetic bristle paint brush, 2 in. (50 mm) wide,6.1.10 Ruler, 12 in. (approximately 300 mm),6.1.11 Separation paper, 8.5 by 12 in. (approximately 125by 280 mm) bond,6.1.12 String, 24 in. (approximately 610 mm) nonelastic,such as dental fl
11、oss or fishing line,6.1.13 Steel rod, approximately 0.25 in. (6 mm) in diameterand 10 in. (255 mm) long.6.1.14 Cutting surface, approximately 36 by 36 in. (approxi-mately 900 by 900 mm) plate glass, 0.25 in. (6 mm) thick.6.2 Preparation of Apparatus:6.2.1 Install the load cell on the upper set frame
12、 and allow15-min warm-up period.6.2.2 Install the upper lightweight jaw.6.2.3 Remove the lower jaw and install the cling attach-ment, using the locking pin to secure.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25
13、on Palletizingand Unitizing of Loads.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 5458 95 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm
14、.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4JDC-1-10 Cutter is available from Thwing-Albert Instrument Co., 10960Dutton Rd., Philadelphia, PA 19154 or other manufacturers.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
15、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2.4 Feed the end of the string not fastened to the clampthrough the pulley on the cling attachment and place in thecenter of the upper jaw.6.2.5 With the clamp resting at the base of the incline(which is in position on th
16、e base plate), adjust the crosshead, orthe amount of string pulled through the grips, or both incombination, to achieve a distance of 5 by 7 in. (125 by 180mm) between the top of the pulley and the bottom of the grips.Tighten the upper jaw. Adjust the crosshead return stop asnecessary.6.2.6 Set the
17、testing machine crosshead speed for 5 in. (125mm). (Any chart speed is acceptable.)6.2.7 Zero, balance, and calibrate the tester in accordancewith the operators manual.7. Sampling7.1 Acceptance sampling shall be in accordance with Prac-tice D 1898.7.2 Sampling for Other PurposesThe sampling and then
18、umber of test specimens depends on the purposes of thetesting. Practice E 122 is recommended. Test specimens shouldbe taken from several rolls of film, and when possible, fromseveral production runs of a product. Strong conclusions abouta specific property of a film cannot be based on a single roll
19、ofproduct.8. Test Specimens8.1 The roll to be tested must have at least three outer wrapsremoved just prior to sample selection.8.2 With the film unwinding from the top of the roll, pullabout 30 in. (760 mm) of sample film from the roll at a rate ofapproximately 8 in./s (approximately 200 mm/s). Som
20、e filmsare sensitive to unwind speed so a consistent rate that does notinduce appearance variations, such as stripes or bars, isimportant.8.3 Place the film being sampled on the glass cutting surfacebeing cautious not to create wrinkles. Mark the machinedirection (MD) of the sample. Do not touch the
21、 film testsurface.8.4 Align the paper sheets under and over the film in threelocations equidistant across the film. Cut around the outsideedges of the papers to form paper/film/paper sandwiches. Labelthe web location and side of the film that is to be on the outsideof a wrapped load; this will be re
22、ferred to as the “outside”surface and the other side the“ inside” surface.8.5 Using the precision sample cutter, cut a 1 in. (25.4mm)transverse direction (TD) by approximately 7 in. (180 mm)machine direction (MD) specimen from each paper/film/papersandwich. These will be used with the corresponding
23、5 by 20in. (125 by 500 mm) samples.NOTE 11 in. = 25 mm.FIG. 1 Overall FixtureD 5458 95 (2007)28.6 Using the sample template and razor blade, cut three 5by 7 in. (125 by 180 mm) TD by MD samples correspondingto the TD locations of the 1 by 7 in. (25.4 by 180 mm) samplescut in 8.5.8.7 Perform subseque
24、nt testing “outside” surface to “inside”surface. Conduct testing within 30 min of sample preparation.8.8 In the case of single-side cling film, or differential clingfilm, it may be necessary to also test outside to outside surfaceor inside to inside surface.9. Conditioning9.1 Sample ConditioningCond
25、ition the test specimens atstandard atmospheric condition for not less than 24 h prior totesting in accordance with Practice D 4332.9.2 Test ConditionsConduct the test in accordance withthe condition specified in 9.1.10. Procedure10.1 Loosen the fixture knob and push the incline up fromthe fixture s
26、urface. Allow the pins to hold the incline up. SeeFig. 7 for a picture of test equipment and specimen set up fortest.10.2 Placea5by20in.(127 by 508 mm) sample squarelyon the incline face with its outside surface up.10.3 Tuck the film under the leading edge of the inclinedbottom edge and reset the lo
27、cating pins in their holes allowingthe film to be clamped. Remove any obvious wrinkles andtighten the incline locking knob.10.4 Grasp the unclamped corners of the film sample andpull back over the incline face to create a tight, smooth surfaceof film. A slight amount of stretching is acceptable. Do
28、nottouch the sample test area indicated by the lines on the inclineface.10.5 In accordance with the desired stretch percentage,measure down the incline face from the top and mark bothedges of the film sample. The appropriate distances are asfollows:Desired Elongation, % Distance Down Incline Face, i
29、n. (mm)0 0 (0)50 2 (50)100 3 (75)200 4 (100)10.6 Roll the free end of the film up on the steel rod towithin 1 in. (25 mm) of the marks on the film.10.7 Elongate the sample, using the steel rod as the griparea, until the marks are aligned with the top edge of theincline.10.8 While still holding the f
30、ilm tightly enough to maintainthis extension, move the rod down and through the clamps andclamp the film. Some film might have to be allowed to unwindfrom the rod during this step to ensure proper mark positionsand yet have film to clamp.10.9 Take the corresponding 1 in. (25.4 mm) wide paper/film/pa
31、per sandwich sample and slide the paper to exposeabout 0.5 in. (12.5 mm) of film.NOTE 11 in. = 25 mm.FIG. 2 Incline SurfaceD 5458 95 (2007)310.10 With the “outside” surface up, place this exposed filmsection on the incline film sample and at the top of the incline.Align it so that the remainder of t
32、he sample, with paper still inplace, will lie between the parallel guide lines that run the fullface length of the incline.10.11 With the sample positioned property, brush the ex-posed end down with moderate pressure. Grasp the oppositeends of the paper and gently pull the paper away from the filmcr
33、eating a smooth contact surface with the sample still properlyaligned.10.12 Using the wide side of the brush and moderatepressure and speed, brush the length of the 1 in. (25 mm)sample with three strokes. This will eliminate air and ensuregood contact between the sample surfaces.10.13 Roll the lower
34、 end of the 1 in. (25.4 mm) sample andinsert it in the film clip.10.14 Turn the chart and pen on and activate the crosshead.10.15 At the moment when the 25.4-mm (1.0-in.) filmspecimen is separating from the incline at the horizontal clingline (see Fig. 1), mark the chart. This value is the cling for
35、ce.10.16 Turn the chart and pen off, return the crosshead, andremove the samples.10.17 Repeat 10.1 to 10.16 for each replicate. A minimumof three replicates should be completed and the results aver-aged.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Any deviations from the procedure in Secti
36、on 10, and11.1.2 Sample identification (including nominal gage), %stretch, average cling value, and one standard deviation of thecling value. Cling values are reported in units of grams-forceper inch width or Newtons/mm2(see Note 1).NOTE 1Although grams-force per inch width is recognized as thestand
37、ard of the industry, grams is not a recognized force measurement.Newtons is a recognized force measurement. Conversion from gramsforceper inch to newtons per millimetre width can be made.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionThe following results are based on a round-robin experiment conducted in 1989
38、, in accordance withPractice E 691, involving seven materials tested by six labo-ratories. Each material was tested at two different stretchpercentages, 100 and 200 %. Sample rolls of each materialwere provided to each participating laboratory, and that labo-ratory evaluated the material at each elo
39、ngation five times toproduce a final result.12.1.1 The average cling for 100 % stretch among the sevensamples was 0.078 N/mm. The standard deviation within eachlaboratory was 18.5 percentage points and between laboratorystandard deviation was 43.3 percentage points. Other materialsmay have higher or
40、 lower variability. Based on this, theNOTE 11 in. = 25 mm.FIG. 3 Mounting StudD 5458 95 (2007)4estimated 95 % repeatability limits are 51.8 percentage pointsand the estimated reproducibility limits are 121 percentagepoints.12.1.2 The average cling for 200 % stretch among the sevensamples was 0.067 N
41、/mm. The standard deviation within eachlaboratory was 16.9 percentage points and between laboratorystandard deviation was 37.9 percentage points. Other materialsmay have higher or lower variability. Based on this, theestimated 95 % repeatability limits are 47.3 percentage pointsand the estimated rep
42、roducibility limits are 106 percentagepoints.12.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of cling is defined in terms of the testmethod.13. Keywords13.1 peel cling; stretch wrap; thin filmsNOTE 11 in. = 25 mm.FIG. 4 InclineD 5458 95 (2007)5NOTE 11 in. = 25 mm.FIG. 5 Base
43、PlateD 5458 95 (2007)6FIG. 6 Cling ClampFIG. 7 Stretch Wrap Film Peel Cling TestD 5458 95 (2007)7ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determi
44、nation of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or wi
45、thdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that y
46、our comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 5458 95 (2007)8
