1、Designation: D 5463 08Standard Guide forUse of Test Kits to Measure Inorganic Constituents inWater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5463; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers general considerations for the use oftest kits for quantitative determination of analytes in water andwastewater
3、. Test kits are available from various manufacturersfor the determination of a wide variety of analytes in drinkingwater, surface or ground waters, domestic and industrialfeedwaters and wastes, and water used in power generation andsteam raising. See Table 1 for a listing of some of the types ofkits
4、 that are available for various inorganic analytes in water.21.2 Ranges, detection limits, sensitivity, accuracy, and sus-ceptibility to interferences vary from kit to kit, depending onthe methodology selected by the manufacturer. In some cases,kits are designed to replicate exactly an official test
5、 method ofa standard-setting organization such as the Association ofOfficial Analytical Chemists (AOAC), American Public HealthAssociation (APHA), ASTM, or the U.S. Environmental Pro-tection Agency (USEPA). In other cases, minor modificationsof official test methods are made for various reasons, suc
6、h as toimprove performance, operator convenience, or ease of use.Adjustments may be made to sample size, reagent volumes andconcentrations, timing, and details of the analytical finish. Inyet other cases, major changes may be made to the official testmethod, such as the omission of analytical steps,
7、 change of theanalytical finish, omission of reagents, or substitution of onereagent for another. Reagents in test kits are often combined toobtain a fewer number and make the test easier to use.Additives may also be used to minimize interferences and tomake the reagent more stable with time. A kit
8、test method maybe based on a completely different technology, not approved byany official or standard-setting organization. Combinations oftest kitsmulti-parameter test kitsmay be packaged tosatisfy the requirements of a particular application conve-niently. The test kits in such combination product
9、s may be usedto make dozens of determinations of several parameters.1.3 Test kit reagent refills are commonly available frommanufacturers. Refills permit cost savings through reuse of themajor test kit components.1.4 Because of the wide differences among kits and meth-odologies for different analyte
10、s, universal instructions cannotbe provided. Instead, the user should follow the instructionsprovided by the manufacturer of a particular kit.1.5 A test kit or kit component should not be used after themanufacturers expiration date; it is the users responsibility todetermine that the performance is
11、satisfactory.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to e
12、stablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 10.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 3370
13、Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsD 4453 Practice for Handling of Ultra-Pure Water SamplesD 4691 Practice for Measuring Elements in Water by FlameAtomic Absorption SpectrophotometryD 5810 Guide for Spiking into Aqueous SamplesD 5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specificationsf
14、or Standard Test Methods for Water AnalysisE 178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE 275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performanceof Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotom-etersE 958 Practice for Measuring Practical Spectral Bandwidthof Ultraviolet-Visible Spectro
15、photometers1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents inWater.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2003 a
16、s D 5463 03.2Test kits for determining inorganic analytes in water are available from variousUnited States and foreign manufacturers, as well as from laboratory supplycompanies.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F
17、or Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this gu
18、ide,refer to Terminology D 1129 and Practice D 4691.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 analytethe chemical or constituent being deter-mined.3.2.2 carryoverthe contamination of a subsequent sampleby a previous sample, typically due to incomplete cleaning ofa reused test kit comp
19、onent.3.2.3 expiration datea date applied by the manufacturerafter which an accurate result is not ensured by the manufac-turer.3.2.4 finish (usually analytical finish)the analytical meth-odology used for the measuring step of the analysis.3.2.5 kit (or test kit)a commercially packaged collectionof
20、components that is intended to simplify the analytical testingfunction.3.2.6 interferencean effect of a matrix component thatmight cause an analytical bias or that might prevent a success-ful analysis.3.2.7 material safety data sheeta federally-mandated,safety-related document that must be made avai
21、lable to kitchemistry users.3.2.8 matrixsample contents other than the target analyte.3.2.9 offcial methodan analytical test method officiallyapproved by an industry consensus organization such asASTM,AOAC, orAPHAor by a government entity such as theUSEPA.43.2.10 refilla replacement package of test
22、kit componentsused in testing.3.2.11 spikea small volume, high relative concentrationaliquot of analyte added quantitatively to a split sample as aquality check.3.2.12 split samplea sample that is split into sub-samplesthat are intended to have the same composition as the originalsample.4. Summary o
23、f Guide4.1 Analytical test kits simplify the operational proceduresnecessary to perform an analysis. This guide includes generalconsiderations relating to the procedures to be followed inorder to ensure an accurate determination. This guide alsodescribes, in general terms, the characteristics of som
24、e kit typesand kit components and includes some comments on theircapabilities, benefits and, where appropriate, their limitations.5. Significance and Use5.1 Inorganic constituents in water and wastewater must beidentified and measured to support effective water qualitymonitoring and control programs
25、. Currently, one of the sim-plest, most practical and cost effective means of accomplishingthis is through the use of chemical test kits and refills. A moredetailed discussion is presented in ASTM STP 1102.55.2 Test kits have been accepted for many applications,including routine monitoring, complian
26、ce reporting, rapidscreening, trouble investigation, and tracking contaminantsource.5.3 Test kits offer time-saving advantages to the user. Theyare particularly appropriate for field use and usually are easy touse. Users do not need to have a high level of technicalexpertise. Relatively unskilled st
27、aff can be trained to makeaccurate determinations using kits that include a premixedliquid reagent, premeasured reagent (tablets, powders, or glassampoules), and premeasured sample (evacuated glass am-poules).6. General Considerations6.1 PersonnelThe selection of a test kit and determinationthat the
28、 test kit analysis is appropriate should be conducted bya responsible chemist. The development of suitable protocols4Other documents: Offcial Methods of Analysis of the Association of OffcialAnalytical Chemists, 15th Ed., AOAC, Arlington, VA, 1990. Changes are publishedin annual supplements. Standar
29、d Methods for the Examination of Water andWastewater, 17th Ed.,APHA,AWWA, and WPCF. Washington, DC, 1989. Methodsfor the Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH, March1983.5Spokes, G. Neil, and Bradley, Julie A., “Performance Testing of Selected TestKits for Analysis of Water Sa
30、mples,” ASTM STP 1102, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA,1991.TABLE 1 Availability and Types of Test KitsAnalyte Kit MethodologyAAcidity TAlkalinity C, P, TAluminum C, PAmmonia C, PBoron C, PBromine C, P, TCadmium CCalcium P, TCarbon dioxide TChloride A, C, P, TChlorine C, P, TChlorine dioxide C, P, TChromium
31、(III) CChromium (VI) C, P, TCobalt CCopper C, P, TCyanide C, P, TFluoride PHardness C, GNG, P, THydrazine C, PHydrogen peroxide C, P, TIodine C, P, TIron C, PLead C, PManganese C, PMagnesium C, TMolybdate C, P, TNickel C, PNitrate C, PNitrite C, P, TOxygen (dissolved) C, P, TOzone C, PPermanganate C
32、, TpH C, PPhosphate C, PSilica C, PSilver PSulfate A, C, P, TSulfide C, P, TSulfite C, P, TThiocyanate CTin CVanadium CZinc C, P, TAKit Methodology: A = appearance/turbidity, C = visual colorimetric, GNG = gono go, P = photometric, and T = titrimetric.D5463082and conditions for safe use should be co
33、nducted by theresponsible chemist with the assistance of an industrial hygien-ist. The kit user may be a relatively unskilled staff person butmust be trained to an appropriate level of proficiency.6.2 Completeness of KitsThe kits components may ormay not be complete for the required determination. T
34、he usermust assemble all instruments and materials necessary for thedetermination. For example, if the test kit is used for fieldscreening to indicate the need for samples requiring a highaccuracy measurement, the user may need to provide a meansof preserving a sample for later measurements at a lab
35、oratory.6.3 Protocol Established by a Responsible ChemistAresponsible chemist must determine whether the sample can beanalyzed correctly by a particular kit chemistry. The respon-sible chemist should determine whether matrix factors, inter-ferences, and temperature are handled correctly by the kitch
36、emistry. Questions to be answered include the following:Has the kit chemistry previously given satisfactory resultsunder the proposed conditions? What changes have occurredthat must be taken into account? For example, the chemistshould consider seasonal changes, new interferences, samplepH changes,
37、new dischargers upstream, and new processwastes in the sample. The responsible chemist must also decidewhether the proposed kit chemistry is applicable to theparticular circumstances. For example, it is necessary todetermine whether the test range is appropriate, ensure that acolorimetric test kit t
38、hat compensates for color is used with ahighly colored sample, and ensure that a colorblind user is ableto run a test requiring visual color comparisons accurately. Thechemist must also ensure that an officially approved kitchemistry is used when an official method is required.6.4 Technical SupportI
39、n case of difficulties, many kitmanufacturers may provide technical assistance.7. Interferences7.1 Kit chemistries that are based on an official test methodare subject to the same interferences as that test method. If thekit manufacturer uses a revised version of the official testmethod, the revisio
40、n may increase or decrease interferenceeffects.7.2 Sample carryover effects may occur if a commonsampling cup or tube is used. Appropriate care is necessaryunder such conditions in order to prevent sample carryover.The carryover may be prevented or reduced by either cleaningthe reused item or rinsin
41、g with fresh sample several times.Aggressive cleaning action may be necessary after a samplecontaining a high concentration is tested.7.3 Careful note should be made of the manufacturerscomments concerning interferences, and appropriate actionshould be taken.7.4 Temperature may affect kit performanc
42、e.8. Apparatus8.1 Colorimetric DeterminationsMany procedures de-pend on color determination with a color comparator, photom-eter, or spectrophotometer. The manufacturer may offer a colorcomparator for visual comparisons based on liquid, glass,plastic, or printed color standards. The manufacturer may
43、 offera photometer or may recommend the use of a spectrophotom-eter for photo-electric color determinations. The manufactur-ers photometer may be based on optical filters using eithercolored glass or plastic, or on interference filters or LEDs. Thefilter bandwidth may be wide (up to 100-nm full widt
44、h halfmaximum height) for colored glass or plastic filters and LEDsor quite narrow (10 nm) with interference filters. The labora-tory spectrophotometer may have a 1- to 20-nm bandwidth andis typically more accurate than a kit photometer or colorimeter.Refer to Practices E 275 and E 958 for additiona
45、l discussion ofcolorimetry.NOTE 1Visual comparator kits may require the use of a particulartype of background illumination. The user should use the light source thatproduces the correct color or spectrum of background illumination, asspecified by the manufacturer.NOTE 2Color standards may not be per
46、manent; reference should bemade to the manufacturers recommendations.8.2 Titrimetric DeterminationsMany procedures dependon measuring the volume of a standard solution required toreact with an analyte completely. The manufacturer may offera buret, digital titrator, drop-test, or calibrated sample co
47、ntainerto dispense and measure the volume of a standard solution. Aburet or digital titrator typically provides more accuracy than adrop-test or calibrated sample container.9. Reagents and Materials9.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade or better chemicalsshall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise in
48、dicated, it isintended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications ofthe Committee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemi-cal Society, where such specifications are available.6However,these reagents may not be of sufficient purity in some cases dueto the sensitivity of the technique. I
49、t is the responsibility of themanufacturer to provide reagents and accessory solutions ofsufficient quality to meet the performance specification claimsof the test kit. In addition, the manufacturer should specifyacceptable conditions of storage and provide expiration dates,where appropriate. It is the responsibility of the kit user toensure that no unacceptable deterioration has occurred intransit or due to improper storage conditions and that the kitsare not used improperly after their expiration dates (see 9.4).9.2 Purity of WaterWater must be of
