1、Designation: D5463 13D5463 18Standard Guide forUse of Test Kits to Measure Inorganic Constituents inWater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5463; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers general considerations for the use of test kits for quantitative determination of analytes in water andwa
3、stewater. Test kits are available from various manufacturers for the determination of a wide variety of analytes in drinking water,surface or ground waters, domestic and industrial feedwaters and wastes, and water used in power generation and steam raising.See Table 1 for a listing of some of the ty
4、pes of kits that are available for various inorganic analytes in water.21.2 Ranges, detection limits, sensitivity, accuracy, and susceptibility to interferences vary from kit to kit, depending on themethodology selected by the manufacturer. In some cases, kits are designed to replicate exactly an of
5、ficial test method of astandard-setting organization such as theAssociation of OfficialAnalytical Chemists (AOAC),American Public HealthAssociation(APHA), ASTM, or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). In other cases, minor modifications of official testmethods are made for various reaso
6、ns, such as to improve performance, operator convenience, or ease of use. Adjustments maybe made to sample size, reagent volumes and concentrations, timing, and details of the analytical finish. In yet other cases, majorchanges may be made to the official test method, such as the omission of analyti
7、cal steps, change of the analytical finish, omissionof reagents, or substitution of one reagent for another. Reagents in test kits are often combined to obtain a fewer number and makethe test easier to use. Additives may also be used to minimize interferences and to make the reagent more stable with
8、 time. A kittest method may be based on a completely different technology, not approved by any official or standard-setting organization.Combinations of test kitsmulti-parameter test kitsmay be packaged to satisfy the requirements of a particular applicationconveniently. The test kits in such combin
9、ation products may be used to make dozens of determinations of several parameters.1.3 Test kit reagent refills are commonly available from manufacturers. Refills permit cost savings through reuse of the majortest kit components.1.4 Because of the wide differences among kits and methodologies for dif
10、ferent analytes, universal instructions cannot beprovided. Instead, the user should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of a particular kit.1.5 A test kit or kit component should not be used after the manufacturers expiration date; it is the users responsibility todetermine that the
11、 performance is satisfactory.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of
12、 this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 10.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with international
13、ly recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1129 Terminolo
14、gy Relating to WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent Water1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents in Water.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013May 1, 2018. Published February 2013May 2018.
15、 Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 asD5463 08.D5463 13. DOI: 10.1520/D5463-13.10.1520/D5463-18.2 Test kits for determining inorganic analytes in water are available from various United States and foreign manufacturers, as well as from laboratory supply companies
16、.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only t
17、o provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versiono
18、f the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Clo
19、sed ConduitsD4453 Practice for Handling of High Purity Water SamplesD4691 Practice for Measuring Elements in Water by Flame Atomic Absorption SpectrophotometryD5810 Guide for Spiking into Aqueous SamplesD5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specifications for Standard Test Methods for Water Ana
20、lysisE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible SpectrophotometersE958 Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions: For d
21、efinitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D1129 and Practice D4691.3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D1129 and Practice D4691.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 analyte, nthe chemical or constituent being determined.3.
22、2.2 carryover, nthe contamination of a subsequent sample by a previous sample, typically due to incomplete cleaning of areused test kit component.3.2.3 expiration date, na date applied by the manufacturer after which an accurate result is not ensured by the manufacturer.3.2.4 finish (usually analyti
23、cal finish), nthe analytical methodology used for the measuring step of the analysis.TABLE 1 Availability and Types of Test KitsAnalyte Kit Methodology AAcidity TAlkalinity C, P, TAluminum C, PAmmonia C, PBoron C, PBromine C, P, TCadmium CCalcium P, TCarbon dioxide TChloride A, C, P, TChlorine C, P,
24、 TChlorine dioxide C, P, TChromium (III) CChromium (VI) C, P, TCobalt CCopper C, P, TCyanide C, P, TFluoride PHardness C, GNG, P, THydrazine C, PHydrogen peroxide C, P, TIodine C, P, TIron C, PLead C, PManganese C, PMagnesium C, TMolybdate C, P, TNickel C, PNitrate C, PNitrite C, P, TOxygen (dissolv
25、ed) C, P, TOzone C, PPermanganate C, TpH C, PPhosphate C, PSilica C, PSilver PSulfate A, C, P, TSulfide C, P, TSulfite C, P, TThiocyanate CTin CVanadium CZinc C, P, TA Kit Methodology:A = appearance turbidity, C = visual colorimetric, GNG = go nogo, P = photometric, and T = titrimetric.D5463 1823.2.
26、5 kit (or test kit), na commercially-packaged collection of components intended to simplify the analytical-testing function.3.2.6 interference, na matrix components effect that might cause an analytical bias or that might prevent a successful analysis.3.2.7 material safety data sheet, na federally-m
27、andated, safety-related document that must be made available to kit-chemistryusers.3.2.8 matrix, nsample contents other than the target analyte.3.2.9 offcial method, nan analytical test method officially approved by an industry consensus organization (such as ASTM,AOAC, or APHA) or by a government e
28、ntity such as the USEPA.43.2.10 refill, na replacement package of test kit components used in testing.3.2.11 spike, na small-volume, high relative concentration aliquot of analyte added quantitatively to a split sample as a qualitycheck.3.2.12 split sample, na sample that is split into sub-samples t
29、hat are intended to have the same composition as the originalsample.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Analytical test kits simplify the operational procedures necessary to perform an analysis. This guide includes generalconsiderations relating to the procedures to be followed in order to ensure an accurate det
30、ermination. This guide also describes,in general terms, the characteristics of some kit types and kit components and includes some comments on their capabilities,benefits and, where appropriate, their limitations.5. Significance and Use5.1 Inorganic constituents in water and wastewater must be ident
31、ified and measured to support effective water qualitymonitoring and control programs. Currently, one of the simplest, most practical and cost effective means of accomplishing this isthrough the use of chemical test kits and refills. A more detailed discussion is presented in ASTM STP 1102.55.2 Test
32、kits have been accepted for many applications, including routine monitoring, compliance reporting, rapid screening,trouble investigation, and tracking contaminant source.5.3 Test kits offer time-saving advantages to the user. They are particularly appropriate for field use and usually are easy to us
33、e.Users do not need to have a high level of technical expertise. Relatively unskilled staff can be trained to make accuratedeterminations using kits that include a premixed liquid reagent, premeasured reagent (tablets, powders, or glass ampoules), andpremeasured sample (evacuated glass ampoules).6.
34、General Considerations6.1 PersonnelThe selection of a test kit and determination that the test kit analysis is appropriate should be conducted by aresponsible chemist. The development of suitable protocols and conditions for safe use should be conducted by the responsiblechemist with the assistance
35、of an industrial hygienist. The kit user may be a relatively unskilled staff person but must be trainedto an appropriate level of proficiency.6.2 Completeness of KitsThe kits components may or may not be complete for the required determination. The user mustassemble all instruments and materials nec
36、essary for the determination. For example, if the test kit is used for field screening toindicate the need for samples requiring a high accuracy measurement, the user may need to provide a means of preserving a samplefor later measurements at a laboratory.6.3 Protocol Established by a Responsible Ch
37、emistAresponsible chemist must determine whether the sample can be analyzedcorrectly by a particular kit chemistry. The responsible chemist should determine whether matrix factors, interferences, andtemperature are handled correctly by the kit chemistry. Questions to be answered include the followin
38、g: Has the kit chemistrypreviously given satisfactory results under the proposed conditions? What changes have occurred that must be taken into account?For example, the chemist should consider seasonal changes, new interferences, sample pH changes, new dischargers upstream, andnew process wastes in
39、the sample. The responsible chemist must also decide whether the proposed kit chemistry is applicable tothe particular circumstances. For example, it is necessary to determine whether the test range is appropriate, ensure that acolorimetric test kit that compensates for color is used with a highly c
40、olored sample, and ensure that a colorblind user is able torun a test requiring visual color comparisons accurately. The chemist must also ensure that an officially approved kit chemistry isused when an official method is required.4 Other documents: Offcial Methods of Analysis of the Association of
41、Offcial Analytical Chemists, 15th Ed.,AOAC,Arlington, VA, 1990. Changes are published in annualsupplements. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17th Ed., APHA, AWWA, and WPCF. Washington, DC, 1989. Methods for the ChemicalAnalysis of Water and Wastes, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH,
42、 March 1983.Other documents: Offcial Methods of Analysis of the Association of Offcial Analytical Chemists, 15thed., AOAC, Arlington, VA, 1990. Changes are published in annual supplements. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17th ed., APHA, AWWA,and WPCF. Washington, DC, 19
43、89. Methods for the Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH, March 1983.5 Spokes, G. Neil, and Bradley, Julie A., “Performance Testing of Selected Test Kits for Analysis of Water Samples,” ASTM STP 1102, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1991.D5463 1836.4 Technical SupportIn case of diffi
44、culties, many kit manufacturers may provide technical assistance.7. Interferences7.1 Kit chemistries that are based on an official test method are subject to the same interferences as that test method. If the kitmanufacturer uses a revised version of the official test method, the revision may increa
45、se or decrease interference effects.7.2 Sample carryover effects may occur if a common sampling cup or tube is used. Appropriate care is necessary under suchconditions in order to prevent sample carryover. The carryover may be prevented or reduced by either cleaning the reused itemor rinsing with fr
46、esh sample several times. Aggressive cleaning action may be necessary after a sample containing a highconcentration is tested.7.3 Careful note should be made of the manufacturers comments concerning interferences, and appropriate action should betaken.7.4 Temperature may affect kit performance.8. Ap
47、paratus8.1 Colorimetric Determinations DeterminationsMany procedures depend on color determination with a color comparator,photometer, or spectrophotometer. The manufacturer may offer a color comparator for visual comparisons based on liquid, glass,plastic, or printed color standards. The manufactur
48、er may offer a photometer or may recommend the use of a spectrophotometerfor photo-electric color determinations. The manufacturers photometer may be based on optical filters using either colored glassor plastic, or on interference filters or LEDs. The filter bandwidth may be wide (up to 100-nm full
49、 width half maximum height)for colored glass or plastic filters and LEDs or quite narrow (10 nm) with interference filters. The laboratory spectrophotometermay have a 1- to 20-nm bandwidth and is typically more accurate than a kit photometer or colorimeter. Refer to Practices E275and E958 for additional discussion of colorimetry.NOTE 1Visual comparator kits may require the use of a particular type of background illumination. The user should use the light source that producesthe correct color or spectrum of background illumination, as specified
