1、Designation: D5474 93 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide forSelection of Data Elements for Groundwater Investigations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5474; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection of data elements for thedocumentation of groundwater sites. The data elements arede
3、scribed in four ASTM standards outlining information thatmay be collected at groundwater sites. Examples of specificinvestigations are given with the logic of why to selectindividual and combinations of data elements to meet therequirements of the studies.NOTE 1Agroundwater site is any source, locat
4、ion, or sampling stationcapable of producing water or hydrologic data from a natural stratum frombelow the surface of the earth. A source or facility can include a well,spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal in orientation). Othersources, such as excavations, driven devices, bore hol
5、es, ponds, lakes, andsinkholes, that can be shown to be hydraulically connected to thegroundwater, are appropriate for the use intended.NOTE 2The four ASTM standards that describe the data elements forgroundwater are Practice D5254 and Guides D5408, D5409, and D5410.1.2 Systematic and consistent dat
6、a collection are necessaryfor the investigation of the availability and the protection orrestoration of groundwater resources. The level of detail,precision and bias, and the type of data that need to becollected depend on the objective of the study, the expectedcomplexity of the system, and the res
7、ources available for theinvestigation. This guide presents ideas on what informationshould be collected for specific studies, why certain dataelements are mandatory, and the importance to current andfuture investigations of maintaining quality control on thecollection and retention of these data. Th
8、is guide focuses onthose data elements that are gathered at the field-site locationand are used to assist in interpreting the hydrology of thegroundwater source and to meet regulatory requirements.Other analytical and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) considerations are addressed in other st
9、andards andbeyond the scope of this guide.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulator
10、y limitations prior to use.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this gu
11、ide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standa
12、rd” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD5408
13、 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGroundwater Site; Part OneAdditional IdentificationDescriptorsD5409 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part TwoPhysical DescriptorsD5410 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site;Part ThreeUsage Descriptors3
14、. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except as listed as follows, all definitions are inaccordance with Terminology D653.3.1.2 codea suggested abbreviation for a component, forexample, “G” is the code suggested for the galvanized ironcomponent of data element casing material. The data elementis in the
15、 “casing record” record.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published December 2012. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last prev
16、ious edition approved in 2006 as D5474 93 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/D5474-93R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
17、ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 componenta subdivision of a data element, forexample, galvanized iron is one of 30 components suggestedfor data element casing material. The data element is in thecasi
18、ng record record.3.1.4 data elementan individual segment of informationabout a groundwater site, for example, casing material. Thedata element is in the casing record record.3.1.5 recorddenotes a set of related data elements thatmay need to be repeated to fully describe a groundwater site.For exampl
19、e, a well that consists of several diameters of casingfrom the top end to the bottom will need more than one casingrecord record (the record includes data elements depth to top,depth to bottom, diameter, casing material, and casing thick-ness) to fully describe the construction of the well. However,
20、 ifonly a single size of casing is used in the well, the record isutilized once.3.1.6 record groupa set of related records. For example,the lift record group includes the lift record, power record, andstandby record. Some record groups consist of only one record,for example, the spring record group
21、includes only the springrecord.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide describes four representative categories ofinvestigations to demonstrate the logic of selecting data ele-ments for the documentation of groundwater data. Included inthis guide is a series of four tables that list the records (groupsof
22、data elements) used for the examples. The tables cross-reference the sections in this guide where specific explanationsfor data elements are found. A complete list of the individualdata elements for each record is included in the text of thisguide. The minimum set of data elements is standard andman
23、datory with all types of groundwater investigations and ispresented in 6.1.3.5. Significance and Use5.1 Data are gathered at groundwater sites for many pur-poses. Each purpose requires a different combination of dataelements. However, it is mandatory that every groundwater siteinclude a minimum set
24、of data elements to uniquely identifythat site by precisely locating with coordinates and politicalregimes, absolutely identifying the owner and data source, andclearly defining the basic site characteristics. This informationis described in Practice D5254.5.2 As a part of a groundwater project, eac
25、h site requiresadditional data elements, beyond the minimum set, to assist inthe interpretation of the local and areal hydrology. As anexample, for a hydrologic reconnaissance study of a ground-water basin, each well or spring site requires basic informationconcerning construction, water level, yiel
26、d, geology, and waterchemistry. Additional information is needed if the project is awaste facility investigation, usually to satisfy local, state, andfederal environmental regulations.6. Documentation6.1 Introduction:6.1.1 Four representative hydrologic projects with verydifferent objectives are pro
27、vided as examples to demonstratewhat data elements may be selected for a comprehensivegroundwater data file (Tables 1-4). When designing a ground-water data file, data elements from all four ASTM guidesshould be considered (see Note 2). Agencies or companies thatengage in widely diverse projects inv
28、olving groundwaterresources may require nearly all of the data elements describedin the four standards. Those organizations should design apermanent file system to their specifications that includes thesedata.NOTE 3A groundwater data file can be stored as various media suchas flat files in cabinets
29、or as digital records on a computer. No matterwhich system is used, the data elements retained are the same information.An advantage of using a computerized file is that the data base containingthe groundwater information can be easily displayed, duplicated, andtransferred to another computer.Advant
30、ages of paper flat files include lowcost, easy access without equipment, and transportability to field locationsand meetings.NOTE 4For the explanation of groundwater investigations in thisguide, the term “well” is used to mean any test or finished hole (that is,casing, screen, pump, etc.) that penet
31、rates the surface of the earth to accessthe groundwater source. These include drilled, bored, driven, and dugholes.6.1.2 Some agencies or companies may be very specializedin the objective of their projects and require only a finitenumber of data elements beyond the minimum data set.However, a limite
32、d data file may be expanded at a later date byadding additional data elements to satisfy the requirements ofmore extensive projects.6.1.3 The minimum set of data elements (see PracticeD5254) is mandatory to uniquely locate, identify, and describeeach individual groundwater site. In addition, photogr
33、aphs,TABLE 1 General Resource Appraisal Investigation of an AreaAMinimum Set of Data Elements (see 6.1.3):Geographic Location (see 6.1.3.1)Political Regimes (see 6.1.3.2)Source Identifiers (see 6.1.3.3)Individual Site Characteristics (see 6.1.3.4)Additional Data Elements (see X1.6):Geographic Locati
34、on Record (see X1.6.1)Owner Record (see X1.6.2)Site Visits Record (see X1.6.3)Other Identification Record (see X1.6.4)Remarks Record (see X1.6.5)Individual Site Characteristics Record (see X1.6.6)Construction Record (see X1.6.7)Casing Record (see X1.6.8)Opening/Screen Record (see X1.6.9)Lift Record
35、(see X1.6.10)Power Record (see X1.6.11)Geophysical Log Record (see X1.6.12)Geohydrologic Unit Record (see X1.6.13)Hydraulics Record (see X1.6.14)Aquifer Parameters Record (see X1.6.15)Well Clusters Record (see X1.6.16)Collector Well/Laterals Record (see X1.6.17)Ponds Record (see X1.6.18)Tunnel or Dr
36、ain Record (see X1.6.19)Spring Record (see X1.6.20)Measuring-Point Record (see X1.6.21)Water-level Record (see X1.6.22)Discharge Record (see X1.6.23)Water-Quality Record (see X1.6.24)Field Water-Quality Record (see X1.6.25)ASee Appendix X1.D5474 93 (2012)2sketches, and maps of the site and associate
37、d facility, includingthe measuring point, are valuable pictorial material to enhancethe site description.6.1.3.1 Geographic LocationIncluding latitude, longitude,latitude-longitude coordinate accuracy, altitude, and altitudeaccuracy.6.1.3.2 Political RegimesState or country identification,and county
38、 or county equivalent.6.1.3.3 Source IdentifiersOwners name, source agency orcompany and address, unique identification, and date of firstrecord for the site.6.1.3.4 Individual Site CharacteristicsHydrologic unit,setting, type of groundwater site, use of site, use of water fromsite, and reason for d
39、ata collection.7. Keywords7.1 contamination assessment; data base; data elements;documentation; groundwater; monitoring network; record; re-source appraisal; site characterization; underground storagetank; waste disposal facilityTABLE 2 Monitoring Project for a Waste-Disposal FacilityAMinimum Set of
40、 Data Elements (see 6.1.3):Geographic Location (see 6.1.3.1)Political Regimes (see 6.1.3.2)Source Identifiers (see 6.1.3.3)Individual Site Characteristics (see 6.1.3.4)Additional Data Elements (see X2.5):Geographic Location Record (see X2.5.1)Political Regime Record (see X2.5.2)Source Identifiers Re
41、cord (see X2.5.3)Owner Record (see X2.5.4)Site Visits Record (see X2.5.5)Other Identification Record (see X2.5.6)Remarks Record (see X2.5.7)Individual Site Characteristics Record (see X2.5.8)Construction Record (see X2.5.9)Casing Record (see X2.5.10)Opening/Screen Record (see X2.5.11)Lift Record (se
42、e X2.5.12)Geophysical Log Record (see X2.5.13)Geohydrologic Unit Record (see X2.5.14)Sample/Unconsolidated Material Record (see X2.5.15)Sample/Consolidated Material Record (see X2.5.16)Hydraulics Record (see X2.5.17)Aquifer Parameters Record (see X2.5.18)Measuring-Point Record (see X2.5.19)Network R
43、ecord (see X2.5.20)Water-level Record (see X2.5.21)Discharge Record (see X2.5.22)Water-Quality Record (see X2.5.23)Field Water-Quality Record (see X2.5.24)Monitoring Site/Waste-Facility Record (see X2.5.25)Decommissioning Record (see X2.5.26)ASee Appendix X2.TABLE 3 Contamination Assessment and Reme
44、diationAMinimum Set of Data Elements (see 6.1.3):Geographic Location (see 6.1.3.1)Political Regimes (see 6.1.3.2)Source Identifiers (see 6.1.3.3)Individual Site Characteristics (see 6.1.3.4)Additional Data Elements (see X3.5):Geographic Location Record (see X3.5.1)Political Regime Record (see X3.5.2
45、)Remarks Record (see X3.5.3)Individual Site Characteristics Record (see X3.5.4)Construction Record (see X3.5.5)Casing Record (see X3.5.6)Opening/Screen Record (see X3.5.7)Lift Record (see X3.5.8)Geophysical Log Record (see X3.5.9)Geohydrologic Unit Record (see X3.5.10)Sample/Unconsolidated Material
46、Record (see X3.5.11)Sample/Consolidated Material Record (see X3.5.12)Hydraulics Record (see X3.5.13)Aquifer Parameters Record (see X3.5.14)Ponds Record (see X3.5.15)Measuring-Point Record (see X3.5.16)Water-level Record (see X3.5.17)Discharge Record (see X3.5.18)Water-Quality Record (see X3.5.19)Fie
47、ld Water-Quality Record (see X3.5.20)Decommissioning Record (see X3.5.21)ASee Appendix X3.D5474 93 (2012)3APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. EXAMPLE 1GENERAL GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION OF AN AREAX1.1 General groundwater investigations are commonlyfunded by local, state, and federal agencies in o
48、rder toencourage economic development of an area. These investiga-tions are typically conducted where insufficient data are knownor documented about the quantity and quality of the ground-water. The areas of concern are usually distinct politicaljurisdictions (such as municipal utility authority ser
49、vicedistricts, cities, or counties), groundwater basins, or aquiferunits.X1.2 Groundwater studies commonly define the water con-tainer (aquifer), the quantity of water obtainable forwithdrawal, the quality of water available for specific uses, andthe renewability or recharge rate for water that may beremoved.X1.3 A general groundwater study may require from a fewmonths to several years to complete, usually depending uponthe size of the area, extent of development, urgency of need(that is, severe drought conditions causing a local water supplyemergency), complexi
