1、Designation: D5487 98 (Reapproved 2008)D5487 16Standard Test Method forSimulated Drop of Loaded Containers by Shock Machines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5487; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the general procedures of using shock machines to replicate the effects of vertic
3、al drops of loadedshipping containers, cylindrical containers, and bags and sacks.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1
4、.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docu
5、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution EnvironmentsD999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping ContainersD3332 Test Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility of Products, Using Shock MachinesD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Comp
6、onents for TestingD5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by Free FallE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot orProcess3. Terminology3.1 General terms for packaging and distribution environments are found
7、 in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 critical elementthe most fragile component of the test specimen.33.2.2 shock pulse programmera device used to control the parameters of the shock pulse and shape of the pulse generated bythe shock test machine.3.2.3 shock
8、test machine drop heightthe distance through which the carriage of the shock test machine free falls beforestriking the shock pulse programmer.3.2.4 velocitythe rate of change of position of a body in a specified direction with respect to time, measured in inches persecond or metres per second.4. Si
9、gnificance and Use4.1 Shipping containers and the interior packaging materials are used to protect their contents from the hazards encountered inhandling, transportation, and storage. Shock is one of the more troublesome of these hazards. Free-fall drop testing, while easy toperform, often understre
10、sses the test specimen by subjecting it to drops which are not perpendicular to the dropping surface.NOTE 1For example, testing has shown that non-perpendicular drops, 2 off perpendicularity, result in 8 % lower acceleration into the test specimen1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
11、Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers andSystems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved April 1, 2008Nov. 1, 2016. Published May 2008November 2016. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition appro
12、ved in 20022008 asD5487 98 (2002).(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D5487-98R08.10.1520/D5487-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
13、ge on the ASTM website.3 Robert E. Newton, Fragility Assessment Theory and Test Procedures, U. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previo
14、us version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Inte
15、rnational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1resulting from the impact energy dispersing in several axes.44.1.1 Controlled shock input by shock machines provides a convenient method for evaluating the ability of shipping containers,interior packaging
16、 materials, and contents to withstand shocks. Simulated free-fall drop testing of package systems, which havecritical elements, has produced good results where the frequency of the shock pulse is at least three times that of the packagesystems natural frequency.4.2 As in most mechanical shock test p
17、rocedures, fixturing of the package on the shock test machine may have significantinfluence on the test results. Typically, packages will be firmly held on the table by securing some type of cross member(s) acrossthe top of the package. Care should be taken that any pressure resulting from such fixt
18、uring should be minimal, particularly whenthe container being tested is corrugated or some other similar material.4.2.1 In cases where low-acceleration, long-duration responses are anticipated, any fixturing can potentially influence packageditem response and can possibly alter any correlation betwe
19、en this test method and free-fall drop testing. Where such correlationis desired, the package can be tested without it being fixed directly to the table. Note that in such circumstances, the shippingcontainer can vigorously rebound from the table and can, if not otherwise controlled, present a safet
20、y problem for operators. Fixingthe shipping container to the shock machine table is most often recommended for safety and convenience, but accuracy andprecision of this test method should not be compromised by such fixturing.NOTE 2A rigid package system with a natural frequency above 83 Hz requires
21、a shock pulse shorter than the 2-ms (nominal) duration currentlyavailable with many of todays shock machines:fs 51cycle/d s 32!fs 51cycle/0.00232!5250 Hzfp 5fs/3fp 5250 Hz/3583 Hzwhere:ds = shock pulse duration, s,fs = shock pulse frequency, Hz, andfp = package system frequency, which may be determi
22、ned by Test Methods D999.Similarly, a shock machine using an input shock pulse duration of 3 ms would only be effective with package system frequencies below 56 Hz.5. Apparatus5.1 Shock Test Machine:5.1.1 The machine shall consist of a flat horizontal test surface (carriage) of sufficient strength a
23、nd rigidity to remain flat andhorizontal under stress developed during the test. The test surface shall be guided to fall vertically without rotation or translationin other directions.5.1.2 The machine shall incorporate sufficient carriage drop height to produce shock pulses at the carriage as descr
24、ibed in 9.1.Drop height control shall be sufficient to control velocity change reproducibility on the table of 65 %.5.1.3 Means shall be provided to prevent secondary shocks by stopping the motion of the carriage after impact.5.2 Instrumentation:5.2.1 AccelerationAn accelerometer, a signal condition
25、er, and a data storage apparatus are required to record velocity changehistories. The accelerometer shall be rigidly attached to the carriage. The instrumentation system shall have sufficient response topermit measurements to at least 1000 Hz.5.2.2 AccuracyReading to be within 65 % of the actual val
26、ue.5.2.3 Cross-Axis SensitivityLess than 5 % of the actual value.5.2.4 VelocityInstrumentation to measure the shock tables velocity change is required. This may be a device whichelectronically integrates the area under the shock pulse waveform. Alternatively, it can be measured by a photodiode type
27、devicewhich measures the shock table impact and rebound velocity. Calculation which assumes the shock pulse to be a perfect geometricfigure usually is grossly inaccurate and should not be used.6. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units6.1 The sampling and the number of test specimens depend on the
28、specific purposes and needs of the testing. Sample sizedetermination in accordance with Practice E122 or other established statistical procedures is recommended.6.2 When the protective ability of the package is package systems protection characteristics are to be evaluated, packconstructthe package
29、packaged system with the actual contents for which it was designed. as intended.4 Fiedler, Robert M. and Fanfu Li, A Study of the Effects of Impact Angles on the Shock Levels Experienced by Packaged Products, MTS Systems Corporation. On fileat ASTM. Request RR:D10-1008.D5487 1626.2.1 Where the use o
30、f actual contents is prohibitive because of excessive cost or danger, a “dummy” load simulating thecontents with respect to dimensions, center of gravity, moment of inertia, product characteristics such as viscosity, etc., may beused with accelerometers or other indicating mechanisms.6.2.2 Regardles
31、s of which procedure is used, close or strap the container, or both, in the same manner that will be used inpreparing it for shipment.6.3 The procedure for identification of the members of the container shall be in accordance with Test Method D5276.7. Calibration and Standardization7.1 The accuracy
32、of the test equipment must be verified to ensure reliable test data.7.2 Verification of calibrations must be performed on a regular basis to ensure compliance with all accuracy requirementsestablished in Section 5. Typically, system verification is performed minimally on an annual basis.7.2.1 In no
33、case shall the time interval between verification of calibration exceed 18 months.7.2.2 Regardless of the time interval since the last verification, testing machines shall be verified immediately after functionalrepairs, relocation, and whenever there is reason to doubt the accuracy.8. Conditioning8
34、.1 It is recommended that atmospheres for conditioning be selected from those in Practice D4332. Unless otherwise specified,fiberboard and other paperboard containers shall be preconditioned and conditioned in accordance with the standard atmospherespecified in Practice D4332 and tested in that atmo
35、sphere where practical.8.1.1 If 8.1 is not practical, tests should be conducted within 15 min of removal from the conditioning atmosphere.9. Procedure9.1 Set up the shock test machine to produce a haversine or half sine pulse waveform with a pulse duration not longer than 3ms (Note 2). The measured
36、velocity change (impact + rebound) of the shock machine table should be equivalent to the impactvelocity for the chosen free-fall drop height, as calculated using the following formulas:VT 5Viwhere:Vi = =2gh ,VT = measured table velocity change,Vi = calculated free fall drop impact velocity,g = acce
37、leration due to gravity, 386.4 in./s2 (9.806 m/s2), andh = equivalent free fall drop height, in. (m).9.1.1 When rebounding-type shock pulse programmers are used, the shock machine drop height is usually substantially differentfrom the equivalent free-fall drop height. Provision shall be made for det
38、ermining the velocity change of the shock machine table.The velocity change may be determined by using a photodiode type velocity meter which measures shock machine table velocitychange (impact plus rebound).An electronic device which measures acceleration versus time may also be used to record the
39、shockwave pulse. Integrating the area under the curve, either electronically or by other means will result in the total velocity change asa result of the impact (see Fig. 1 in Test Methods D3332).9.2 Method AUnrestrained Test:9.2.1 Identify the shipping container members in accordance with Test Meth
40、od D5276.9.2.2 Place the shipping container on the center of the shock machine table. Raise the table to the predetermined machine dropheight, and release the table. Movement of the specimen should be controlled so that a second impact is prevented. Motorcyclebunge cord netting has been successfully
41、 used to prevent test specimens from rebounding from the shock machine table duringimpact.NOTE 3Warning: Use caution to prevent injury to the operator and damage to the unit. This test method should not be used if the shipping containeris large, bulky, or highly resilient.9.2.3 Perform one shock tes
42、t.9.2.4 Examine or functionally test the product and shipping container to determine if damage has occurred.9.2.5 Continue shock testing until the required members have been impacted.NOTE 4Multiple drops on various members may cause fatigue, a cumulative effect, misleading results, or combinations t
43、hereof. In certain instances,it may be beneficial to use multiple samples to determine critical elements.9.3 Method BRestrained Test Method:9.3.1 Identify the shipping container faces in accordance with Test Method D5276.D5487 1639.3.2 Place the shipping container on the center of the shock machine
44、table. Restrain movement of the loaded container so thatthe shock pulse is directly transmitted to the test specimen. Raise the table to the predetermined machine drop height and releasethe table.9.3.3 Perform one shock test.9.3.4 Examine or functionally test the product and container to determine i
45、f damage has occurred.9.3.5 Continue shock testing until the required members in accordance with Test Method D5276 have been impacted.NOTE 5Multiple drops on various members may cause fatigue, a cumulative effect, misleading results, or combinations thereof. In certain instances,it may be beneficial
46、 to use multiple samples to determine critical elements.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Method, if any, of conditioning the shipping container, the moisture content of the wood, plywood, or fiberboard, ifdetermined, and the results of supplementary tests of the materials from
47、which the specimen is made.10.1.2 The dimensions of the container under test:10.1.2.1 Complete structural specifications;10.1.2.2 Materials used;10.1.2.3 Description and specifications for blocking and cushioning, if used;10.1.2.4 Spacing, size, and kind of fasteners;10.1.2.5 Method of closing and s
48、trapping, if any, and10.1.2.6 Tare and gross masses.10.1.3 Description of the contents of the shipping container under test.10.1.4 Description of the apparatus and special instrumentation, if used.10.1.5 Description of the prescribed test sequence, identifying the member being impacted for each drop
49、 (for example, thecorner formed by the manufacturers joint, if applicable, and the number of drops).10.1.6 Velocity change, free-fall drop height, input shock duration, and the response natural frequency, determined inaccordance with Test Methods D999, or its shock duration.10.1.7 Number of specimens tested per sample.10.1.8 Detailed record of test on each specimen, including damage to the shipping container and contents, together with anyother observation which may assist in correctly interpreting the results or aids in improving the design of the conta
