1、Designation: D5500 98 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forVehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure forevaluation o
3、f intake valve deposit formation of unleadedspark-ignition engine fuels. This test method uses a 1985model BMW 318i2vehicle. Mileage is accumulated followinga specified driving schedule on either public road or test track.This test method is adapted from the original BMW of NorthAmerica/Southwest Re
4、search Institute Intake Valve Deposittest and maintains as much commonality as possible with theoriginal test. Chassis dynamometers shall not be used for thistest procedure as the BMW NA/SwRI IVD Test was notintended to be applicable to chassis dynamometers and nocorrelation between road operation a
5、nd chassis dynamometershas been established.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test MethodD5500, contact ASTM International.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to a
6、ddress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific statementson hazards are given throughout th
7、is test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)2.2 ANSI Standard:MC 96.1 American National Standard for Temperature Mea-surement Thermocouples43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to Thi
8、s Standard:3.1.1 alternate mileage accumulation (AMA) driving cycle,na driving schedule that is based on the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency Durability Driving Schedule, which con-tains various driving patterns for durability testing of emissioncontrol systems.53.1.2 base fuel, nunleaded automot
9、ive spark-ignition en-gine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, butmay contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metaldeactivators, and oxygenates.3.1.3 deposit control additive, nmaterial added to the basefuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intakesystem.3.1.3
10、.1 DiscussionFor the purpose of this test method, theperformance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limitedto the tulip area of intake valves.3.1.4 driveability, nthe quality of a vehicles performancecharacteristics as perceived by the operator in response tochanges in throttle position.3.1
11、.4.1 DiscussionThe performance characteristics mayinclude cold starting and warm-up, acceleration, vapor lock,and hot starting.3.1.5 intake system, ncomponents of the engine whosefunction it is to prepare and deliver an air/fuel mixture to thecombustion chamber and includes the throttle, intake mani
12、foldhot spot and runners, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) andpositive crankcase ventilation (PCV) ports, cylinder headrunners and ports, intake valves, and fuel injectors.3.1.6 intake valve deposit, nmaterial accumulated on thetulip area of the intake valve, generally composed of carbon,other fuel,
13、lubricant, and additive decomposition products, andatmospheric contaminants.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current
14、 edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5500 98(2008).DOI: 10.1520/D5500-98R14.2Originally obtained from BMW NAnew car dealerships in the United States asa 1985 model year vehicle, the vehicle is currently availa
15、ble through the usedvehicle market.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American N
16、ational Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, Appendix IV.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.7 merit rating, nthe
17、 visual evaluation by a trainedrater of the volume of deposits accumulated on a specificengine component based on a comparison with a referencescale (see CRC Manual 166).3.1.8 test fuel, nbase fuel with or without the addition ofa deposit control additive which is used to accumulate mileageas descri
18、bed in this test method.3.1.9 vehicle exhaust emissions (tailpipe), ncombustionproducts from the test fuel including unburned hydrocarbons(HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen(O2), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method utilizes a 1985 BMW 318i
19、vehicleequipped with a four-speed automatic transmission and airconditioning. This vehicle is equipped with a four-stroke cycle,four-cylinder engine having a total displacement of 1.8 L. Thecylinder head is an aluminum alloy casting and the cylinderblock is cast iron. The engine features an overhead
20、 camshaft,hemispherical combustion chambers, two valves per cylinder,and electronic port fuel injection.4.2 Each test begins with a clean, rebuilt cylinder head thatmeets a rigid set of specifications. New, weighed intake valvesare used to rebuild the cylinder head. A standard engine oil isused for
21、each test and a new oil filter is installed. All routinevehicle maintenance is performed in accordance with BMWSchedule I and Schedule II service lists. The test vehicles fuelsystem is flushed of fuel from the previous test. The vehiclefuel tank is then filled with the new test fuel. The vehicle iss
22、ubjected to a rigorous quality control procedure to verifyproper engine and overall vehicle operation. To ensure com-pliance to the test objective, a data logger is active at all timesafter the test has begun, during all mileage accumulation andsoak time.4.3 The vehicle is operated on a cycle consis
23、ting of 10 %(based on mileage) city (part of the AMA driving schedule),20 % suburban, and 70 % highway mode per day. This cycle isrepeated to accumulate a minimum of 16 090 km (10 000miles) but no more than 16 250 km (10 100 miles).4.4 After the required mileage (see 10.4.5) has beenaccumulated, the
24、 cylinder head is removed from the engine anddisassembled. The valves are weighed, visually assigned meritratings, and photographed. Operational and mechanical criteriaare then reviewed to determine if the test shall be consideredvalid.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test Method It was determined through
25、 field testingthat intake valve deposits could adversely affect the driveabil-ity of certain automobiles.7Southwest Research Institute andBMW of North America (BMW NA) jointly conducted testingto develop this test method to determine an unleaded automo-tive spark-ignition engine fuels propensity to
26、form intakevalve deposits. This testing concluded that if an automotivespark-ignition engine fuel could keep intake valve deposits ator below a certain average weight per valve at the end ofmileage accumulation, then that automotive spark-ignitionengine fuel could be used in the BMW vehicle-engine c
27、ombi-nation for a specified period without intake valve depositscausing driveability degradation. Minimizing intake valvedeposits may be necessary to maintain vehicle driveability andtailpipe emissions control.5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and RegulatoryActionLegislative activity and rulemakin
28、g primarily by Cali-fornia Air Resources Board8and the Environmental ProtectionAgency9necessitate the acceptance of a standardized testmethod to evaluate the intake system deposit forming tendencyof an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.5.1.2 Relevance of ResultsThe operating conditions anddesign
29、 of the engine and vehicle used in this test method arenot representative of all modern automobiles. These factorsshall be considered when interpreting test results.5.2 Test Validity:5.2.1 Procedural ComplianceThe test results are not con-sidered valid unless the test is completed in compliance with
30、 allrequirements of this test method. Deviations from the param-eter limits presented in Sections 10 and 11 will result in aninvalid test. Engineering judgment shall be applied duringconduct of the test method when assessing any anomalies toensure validity of the test results.5.2.2 Vehicle Complianc
31、eA test is not considered validunless the vehicle met the quality control inspection require-ments as described in Section 10.6. Apparatus6.1 AutomobileThe test automobile used for this proce-dure is a 1985 model BMW 318i. The powerplant is a 1.8L-line four-cylinder, four-stroke cycle engine with si
32、ngleoverhead camshaft, two valves per cylinder, and electronic portfuel injection. Vehicles equipped with four-speed automatictransmissions and air conditioning are required for the testmethod. Both 49 state and California engine calibrations areallowed for this test method.6.1.1 Engine Cooling Syst
33、emExperience has shown thatthe original equipment cooling system has marginal perfor-mance at ambient conditions above approximately 35C(95F). To ensure engine coolant temperature compliance withtest validity criteria in 10.4.3, the vehicle may be retrofittedwith the radiator and other appropriate c
34、omponents as outlinedin Annex A1.6.1.2 Electronic Port Fuel Injectors Prior to installation,all injectors shall be evaluated for conformance to spray-pattern and flow rate acceptance criteria (see 8.5). Injectorsmay be reused if the criteria are satisfied.6CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and Induction Sys
35、tem Rating Manual. Availablefrom the Coordinating Research Council Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway,Atlanta, GA 30346.7Bitting, B., et al., “Intake Valve Deposits-Fuel Detergency Revisited,” SAE872117, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987.8State of California Air Resources Board-Stationary Source
36、 Division, TestMethod for Evaluating Intake Valve Deposits (IVDs) in Vehicle Engines (CaliforniaCode of Regulations, Title 13, Section 2257).9Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.D5500 98 (2014)26.1.3 TiresTires shall be size P195/60R14, maintained at190 6 10 kPa (28 6 1 psi).6.1.4 Miscellaneous PartsAl
37、l powertrain components,front end accessory drive, air intake system, and exhaustsystem, except as specified, shall be original equipment,original equipment manufacturer replacement parts, or equiva-lent.6.1.5 New Engine Parts RequiredTable 1 contains thosenew parts with the corresponding BMW NA par
38、t number to beused for preparing the vehicle to run this test method.6.1.5.1 Other parts may be necessary and are listed inAnnex A2.6.1.6 Disable Cruise ControlDisconnect cruise controlcable from the throttle. The cruise control shall not be used forthis test method.6.1.7 Reusable Engine PartsThe pa
39、rts listed in Table 2may be reused. The replacement frequency is noted in thefootnotes. All parts shall be discarded when they becomeunserviceable. See Annex A3 for guidelines regarding thereuse of parts.6.2 Laboratory Facilities:6.2.1 Engine/Cylinder Head Build-up and MeasurementAreaThe ambient atm
40、osphere of the engine build-up andmeasurement area shall be reasonably free of contaminants andmaintained at a uniform temperature 63C (65F) between 10to 27C (50 to 80F). Uniform temperature is necessary toensure repeatable dimensional measurements and depositevaluation. The specific humidity shall
41、be maintained at auniform comfortable level.6.2.2 Part Rating and Intake Valve Weighing AreaTheambient atmosphere of the rating and weighing area shall bereasonably free of contaminants. The induction system ratingsshall be performed in accordance to CRC Manual 16, Carbu-retor and Induction System R
42、ating Manual.6.2.3 Fuel Injector Testing AreaThe ambient atmosphereof the fuel injector testing area shall be reasonably free ofcontaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be main-tained at a uniform level to ensure repeatable measurements.This area shall be ventilated for health and safety rea
43、sons inaccordance with all regulations. (WarningProvide adequateventilation and fire protection in areas where flammable orvolatile liquids and solvents, or both, are used. Suitableprotective clothing is recommended.)6.2.4 Intake Valve Rinsing and Parts Cleaning Area Theambient atmosphere of the int
44、ake valve rinsing and partscleaning area shall be reasonably free of contaminants. Thetemperature shall be maintained at 63C (65F) between 10to 27C (50 to 80F).The specific humidity shall be maintainedat a uniform comfortable level. Because of the delicate natureof the deposits, do not subject the d
45、eposits to extreme changesin temperature or humidity. (WarningSee 6.2.3.)6.2.5 Garage/Maintenance AreaThe ambient atmosphereof the garage/maintenance area shall be reasonably free ofcontaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be main-tained at a uniform, comfortable level. Because of the delica
46、tenature of the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extremechanges in temperature or humidity. (WarningAdequateventilation and fire protection are necessary in areas whereautomotive spark-ignition engine fuel and deposit controladditives are handled, and also when concerning the venting ofthe v
47、ehicle exhaust and working on vehicle fuel systems.Suitable protective clothing is recommended.)6.2.6 Test Fuel Blending Facilities Instead of supplying afinished test fuel, the test sponsor may supply concentratedadditive in bulk to the test laboratory. The test requestor shallobtain concurrence fr
48、om the test laboratory regarding thesupply of base fuels and additives and their packaging. Forthose laboratories offering the capability of blending additiveand base fuel, the laboratories shall have the ability to handleand blend the additive into fuel supplied in either bulk or 210-L(55-gal) drum
49、s, or both. The laboratory shall have an appro-priate balance or graduated cylinder to blend the additive at therecommended concentrations expressed as a volumetric ormass ratio. The base fuel and additive shall be placed, at theappropriate ratio, into 210-L (55-gal) drums or bulk storagetanks and clearly labeled. Provisions to stir or recirculate thefuel/additive blend to ensure a homogeneous mixture arenecessary. Safe, clean storage shall be provided for base fuel,additive, and test fuel. The ambient atmosphere of the additiveblendi
