1、Designation: D5531 05 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Guide forPreparation, Maintenance, and Distribution of PhysicalProduct Standards for Color and Geometric Appearance ofCoatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5531; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers three levels of physical productstan
3、dards for color or appearance, or both, commonly used inthe coatings industry, provides terminology to describe eachlevel, and describes techniques for generating and caring forstandards.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for info
4、rmationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
5、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials,and ApplicationsD523 Test Method for Specular GlossD823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thicknessof Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test PanelsD1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors
6、 and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss TolerancesD4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of MetamerismD4449 Test M
7、ethod for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differ-ences Between Surfaces of Similar AppearanceE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE430 Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged GoniophotometryE805 Practice for
8、 Identification of Instrumental Methods ofColor or Color-Difference Measurement of MaterialsE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color EvaluationE1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Hemispherical GeometryE1345 Practice for Reducing the Eff
9、ect of Variability ofColor Measurement by Use of Multiple MeasurementsE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)Geometry2.2 Society of Automotive Eng
10、ineers Standard:SAE J1545 Recommended Practice for Instrumental ColorDifference Measurement for Exterior Finishes, Textiles,and Colored Trim33. Terminology3.1 The definitions in Terminology E284 and D16 areapplicable to this standard. The terms in E284 take precedenceover those in D16 if differences
11、 exist.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 concept color, nthe color of the material submittedby the customer as the target for generating the masterstandard.3.2.2 master standard, nthe physical standard for colorthat the customer approves as the target for visual, spectropho-to
12、metric, and colorimetric evaluation of all products referencedto that standard.3.2.2.1 DiscussionIn SAE J1545 this is referred to as the“official” standard.3.2.3 duplicate master standard, na replicate of the mas-ter standard that serves as the master standard at a secondarylocation.1This guide is u
13、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.26 on Optical Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in
14、 2005 as D5531 - 05. DOI:10.1520/D5531-05R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from
15、Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.3.1 Discus
16、sionIn SAE J1545 this is referred to as the“reference” standard.3.2.4 working standard, nthe physical product standardfor color or appearance, or both, used for routine measurementsand visual assessments in the laboratory and at the productionsite.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Product standards are the onl
17、y standards by whichproducts should be accepted or rejected for color or appear-ance. A master standard is generated from the concept colorsubmitted by the customer. Duplicate master standards, whenneeded, are generated from the master standard. Workingstandards are generated from a duplicate master
18、 standard. Theyare used in the laboratory or on the production line to accept orreject the color or appearance of coatings. After initial genera-tion, product standards must be maintained to ensure theyremain valid. This guide considers the characteristics ofproduct standards, factors to be consider
19、ed in their creation,and factors to be considered in their replacement.5. Significance and Use5.1 High quality physical product standards for color orappearance are the keystone of a successful color controlprogram. Standards are often grouped into three major catego-ries: product standards, interme
20、diate production control stan-dards, and instrument standards. This guide deals only withphysical product standards. Some instrument-based color con-trol programs use “numerical standards,” derived from instru-mental measurements of a physical product standard.6. Characteristics of Physical Product
21、Standards forColor and Appearance6.1 Physical product standards for color should be made ofthe same material as the specimens to be evaluated. This ismore difficult in the case of coatings because they are not soldin their final form, that is, they may be sold as a liquid or apowder but will end up
22、as a finished film. The coating must beapplied to a substrate, usually metal or paper, and dried orbaked before evaluation. Agreement must be reached betweenthe buyer and the seller on the method of application and curefor the coating before the master standard is produced.6.2 The coatings supplier
23、should produce the physicalproduct standards for color. They must have the same spectralcharacter at all viewing and illuminating geometries of concernas the coating.6.3 The standard should have the same geometric appear-ance (nonspectral) characteristics as the final product. Changesin geometric ch
24、aracteristics may influence the noncolor aspectsof appearance such as gloss and texture. They may also affectthe assessed color of the coating with respect to both instru-mental measurement and visual perception.6.4 The desire for permanent physical product standards forcolor will sometimes lead peo
25、ple to consider other materialsuch as ceramic for standards, but such substitution should beavoided. Fairman4states: “While a ceramic tile may berecognized as a material of greater permanence than theorganic material being standardized, the probability of theintroduction of metamerism between the tw
26、o dissimilar mate-rials far outweighs any possible permanence gains.”7. Three Levels of Physical Product Standards for Colorand Appearance7.1 The concept color submitted by the customer should notbecome the master standard because it may be made ofdifferent material or have gloss or texture (geometr
27、ic appear-ance) different from the final product.The concept color simplyrepresents the customers best effort to illustrate the desiredcolor for the coating. The concept color is to be “matched” bythe master standard, usually per acceptance by the customer.The master standard represents the target,
28、both spectrally andgeometrically, for the manufactured coating. It becomes thereference by which the coating is accepted or rejected. Oncethe master standard is approved by the customer, the conceptcolor should be properly stored for possible future use.7.2 The master standard is the reference for j
29、udging thecolor of duplicate master standards. Although in the case of adispute it is the ultimate reference for color and geometricappearance. It should not be used for routine evaluations in thelaboratory or at the production site.7.3 Multiple duplicate master standards should be preparedat the sa
30、me time. Duplicate master standards are intended to beidentical to the master standard. Because there will be variationin perceived or measured characteristics of duplicate masterstandards, buyer and seller must agree on tolerances for“duplicate master standards.” Fairman4suggests that the mea-sured
31、 color difference be less than 0.2 CIELAB unit, andSherman5suggests that the measured color difference be lessthan 0.5 FMC-2 unit. SAE J1545 judges standards by statingthat the tolerance should be the greater of 0.2 unit in eachCIELAB color difference component, DL*, DC*, and DH*, orone-tenth the ac
32、cepted tolerance for the product (see PracticeD3134 and E1345). The number of duplicate master standardsto be made will depend upon the life expectancy of the color orproduct, or both, the resistance of the coating to physical abusein handling or cleaning, its resistance to color and geometricappear
33、ance change, and the number of times each standard willbe used.7.4 Each duplicate master standard should be given a uniqueidentification with date of fabrication. A sufficient number ofduplicate master standards should be generated initially to lastfor the lifetime of the color.7.5 When a coating is
34、 manufactured at more than onelocation, each location should treat one duplicate standard asthe master for that location. Another duplicate standard shouldbe designated for the location. The remaining duplicate stan-dards should be designated working standards to be used forroutine evaluation of the
35、 coating.4Fairman, H. S., “A Standards Program for Color Control,” Color Research andApplication, Vol 6, 1981, pp. 56.5Sherman, C. J., “A Color Standards Program for Color Control,” TechnicalPaper FC84-880, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, presented at FINSTRAT 84Conference, November 2729, 1984,
36、Anaheim, California.D5531 05 (2011)27.6 Working standards may become unsuitable for usebecause of physical damage, dirt, contamination, or changes ingeometric appearance and color due to exposure or use.Therefore, it is essential to confirm working standards fre-quently by comparing them to duplicat
37、e master standards.7.7 The duplicate master should be compared to the masteronly rarely. The master should be kept in a secure, environ-mentally stable and clean area.NOTE 1The master standard should be treated with great carerecognizing its uniqueness and value. Make sure you have a copy, thenstore
38、 it in a safe place. It should be used only when necessary to confirmor replace duplicate masters.8. Preparation Considerations8.1 Application Methods:8.1.1 The buyer and seller should agree upon the methods ofapplication and cure. Ideally they should duplicate thosemethods by which the final coatin
39、g is applied and cured.Practices D823 describes methods for producing films ofuniform thickness on test panels.8.1.2 Application and cure parameters that should be con-sidered include, but are not limited to, the following:8.1.2.1 Substrate,8.1.2.2 Application device such as drawdown, hand spray,aut
40、omatic spray, and electrostatic deposition,8.1.2.3 Application thickness and cured film thickness,8.1.2.4 Flash time, and8.1.2.5 Cure method and schedule, such as air dry, force dry,bake for specified time, and specified temperature.8.1.3 A physical product standard for color should beuniform in col
41、or at all viewing and illuminating geometries ofconcern and geometric appearance aspects, such as gloss andtexture, if uniformity is to be a characteristic of the coating.Otherwise the pattern of color and the geometric aspects ofappearance should be representative of those of the desiredcoating.8.1
42、.4 The buyer and seller should agree upon the size ofstandards. In Practice D1729, panels 90 by 165 mm (3123 612 in.) are preferred for critical visual evaluation of colorand geometric appearance differences.8.1.5 The useful life expectancy of the physical standardsshould be identified by an expirat
43、ion date when applicable.9. Storage of Product Standards9.1 All physical product standards for color should be storedso as to minimize drift over time in color or geometric aspects.Individual opaque paper envelopes of neutral pH and theapproximate size of the panel should be used.9.2 These standards
44、 should be handled by the edges andexposed to light and the environment only when being used forproduct evaluation.9.3 Low temperature storage6or freezing of these standardshas been recommended to minimize color change with time.When a standard is to be frozen, it should first be placed in apaper en
45、velope and then in a sealable plastic bag. The plasticbag will protect the standard from condensation. It also mayprotect the standard from fumes. The standard should be keptat a temperature of 18C (0F) or lower. When the baggedstandard is removed from the freezer, it should be allowed tocome to roo
46、m temperature before being opened.10. Maintenance of Product Standards10.1 Use of a well maintained, carefully monitored colormeasuring instrument is the best way to determine whether thecolor of a product standard has changed.10.2 Working standards should be replaced when theybecome dirty, damaged,
47、 or reach the expiration date. Theyshould be compared frequently and regularly to a duplicatemaster standard to ensure that the color and geometric aspectsof appearance have not changed.When a change larger than thetolerance is found, the working standard should be replaced.10.3 Duplicate master sta
48、ndards should be replaced if theybecome dirty or damaged. They should be compared infre-quently but regularly to the master standard to ensure that thecolor and geometric aspects of appearance have not changed.When a change larger than the tolerance is found, the duplicatemaster standards should be
49、replaced.10.4 A master standard should be replaced if it becomesdirty or damaged. The buyer and the seller should alwaysnotify each other when a new master standard is produced andboth parties should change to new master standards.10.5 Determining drift in color or geometric aspects of amaster standard is difficult because there is no higher levelstandard for comparison. A carefully maintained instrument ofproven long term stability should be used to evaluate possiblecolor change of a master standard. Measurements should bemade as to when the master standard was
