1、Designation: D5581 07a (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forResistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures UsingMarshall Apparatus (6 inch-Diameter Specimen)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5581; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resis-tance to pla
3、stic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminouspaving mixture loaded on the lateral surface by means of theMarshall apparatus. This test method is for use with mixturescontaining asphalt cement and aggregate up to 112 in. (37.5mm) nominal maximum size.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are t
4、o be regardedas standard except for reference to sieve sizes and size ofaggregate as measured by testing sieves in which SI units arestandard according to Specification E11. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that areprovided for information only and are not cons
5、idered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
6、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD2493 Standard Viscosity-Temperature Chart for AsphaltsD6926 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous SpecimensUsing Marshall ApparatusD6927 Test Method for M
7、arshall Stability and Flow ofBituminous MixturesE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves2.2 AASTHO Standards:3T 316 Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder UsingRotational Viscometer3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is used in the laboratory mix design ofbituminou
8、s mixtures. Specimens are prepared in accordancewith the method and tested for maximum load and flow.Density and voids properties may also be determined onspecimens prepared in accordance with the method. The testingsection of this method can also be used to obtain maximumload and flow for bituminou
9、s paving specimens cored frompavements or prepared by other methods. These results maydiffer from values obtained on specimens prepared by this testmethod.4. Apparatus4.1 Specimen Mold AssemblyMold cylinders nominal 6.5-in. (165.1-mm) outside diameter steel tubing with6.000 6 0.008 in. (152.4 6 0.2
10、mm) inside diameter by 4.5 in.(114.3 mm) in height, base plates, and extension collars shallconform to the details shown in Fig. 1. Nine mold cylinders arerecommended.4.2 Specimen Extractorsteel, in the form of a disk with adiameter from 5.950 to 5.990 in. (151.1 to 152.1 mm) and 0.5in. (13 mm) thic
11、k for extracting the compacted specimen fromthe specimen mold with the use of the mold collar. A suitablebar is required to transfer the load from the ring dynamometeradapter to the extension collar while extracting the specimen.4.3 Mechanical Compactor and Compaction HammerCompactor with13 hp (250W
12、) minimum motor, chain lift,frame, and automatic sliding weight release. The compactionhammer (Fig. 2) shall have a flat, circular tamping face 5.88 in.(149.4 mm) in diameter and a 22.50 6 0.02 lb (10.21 6 0.01kg) sliding weight with a free fall of 18.0 6 0.1 in.(457.2 6 2.5 mm). Two compaction hamm
13、ers are recom-mended.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.20 onMechanical Tests of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originallyapproved in
14、1994. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D5581 07a1. DOI:10.1520/D5581-07AR13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
15、page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
16、 United States14.4 Compaction PedestalThe compaction pedestal shallconsist of an 8 by 8 by 18-in. (203.2 by 203.2 by 457.2-mm)wooden post capped with a 12 by 12 by 1-in. (304.8 by 304.8by 25.4-mm) steel plate. The wooden post shall be oak, pine, orother wood having an average dry weight of 42 to 48
17、lb/ft3(0.67 to 0.77 g/cm3). The wooden post shall be secured by fourangle brackets to a solid concrete slab. The steel cap shall befirmly fastened to the post. The pedestal assembly shall beinstalled so that the post is plumb and the cap is level.4.5 Specimen Mold Holdermounted on the compactionpede
18、stal so as to center the compaction mold over the center ofthe post as shown in Fig. 3 or equivalent arrangement. It shallhold the compaction mold, collar, and base plate securely inposition during compaction of the specimen.4.6 Breaking Head The breaking head (Fig. 4) shallconsist of upper and lowe
19、r cylindrical segments or test headshaving an inside radius of curvature of 3 in. (76.2 mm)accurately machined. The lower segment shall be mounted ona base having two perpendicular guide rods or posts extendingupward. Guide sleeves in the upper segments shall be in sucha position as to direct the tw
20、o segments together withoutappreciable binding or loose motion on the guide rods. Whena 6.000 in. (152.4 mm) diameter by 4 in. (100 mm) thick metalblock is placed between the two segments, the inside diametersand the gaps between the segments shall conform to Fig. 4. Allsteel components shall be pla
21、ted.4.7 Loading Jack The loading jack (Fig. 5) shall consist ofa screw jack mounted in a test frame and shall produce auniform vertical movement of 2 in. (50.8 mm)/min. An electricmotor may be attached to the jacking mechanism.NOTE 1Instead of the loading jack, a mechanical or hydraulic testingmachi
22、ne may be used provided the rate of movement can be maintainedat 2 in. (50.8 mm)/min while the load is applied.4.8 Ring Dynamometer AssemblyOne ring dynamometer(Fig. 5) of 10 000-lb. (4536-kg) capacity and sensitivity of 10lb (4.536 kg) up to 1000 lb (453.6 kg) and 25 lb (11.340 kg)between 1000 and
23、10 000 lb (453.6 and 4536 kg) shall beequipped with a micrometer dial. The micrometer dial shall begraduated on 0.0001 in. (0.0025 mm). Upper and lower ringdynamometer attachments are required for fastening the ringdynamometer to the testing frame and transmitting the load tothe breaking head.NOTE 2
24、Instead of the ring dynamometer assembly, any suitableload-measuring device may be used provided the capacity and sensitivitymeet the above requirements.4.9 FlowmeterThe flowmeter shall consist of a guidesleeve and a gage. The activating pin of the gage shall slideinside the guide sleeve with a slig
25、ht amount of frictionalresistance. The guide sleeve shall slide freely over the guideFIG. 1 Compaction MoldFIG. 2 Compaction Hammer (Generic)D5581 07a (2013)2rod of the breaking head. The flowmeter gauge shall beadjusted to zero when placed in position on the breaking headwhen each individual test s
26、pecimen is inserted between thebreaking head segments. Graduations of the flowmeter gageshall be in 0.01-in. (0.25-mm) divisions.NOTE 3Instead of the flowmeter, a micrometer dial or stress-strainrecorder graduated in 0.001 in. (0.025-mm) may be used to measure flow.4.10 Ovens or Hot PlatesOvens or h
27、ot plates shall beprovided for heating aggregates, bituminous material, speci-men molds, compaction hammers, and other equipment to therequired mixing and molding temperatures. It is recommendedthat the heating units be thermostatically controlled so as tomaintain the required temperature within 5F
28、(2.8C). Suitableshields, baffle plates or sand baths shall be used on the surfacesof the hot plates to minimize localized overheating.4.11 Mixing Apparatus Mechanical mixing is recom-mended. Any type of mechanical mixer may be used providedit can be maintained at the required mixing temperature andw
29、ill provide a well-coated, homogeneous mixture of therequired amount in the allowable time, and further providedthat essentially all of the batch can be recovered. A metal panor bowl of sufficient capacity (such as standard 13 qt. sizeapproximately 614 in. deep) and hand mixing may also beused.4.12
30、Water BathThe water bath shall be at least 9 in.(228.6 mm) deep and shall be thermostatically controlled so asto maintain the bath at 140 6 1.8F (60 6 1.0C). The tankshall have a perforated false bottom or be equipped with a shelffor supporting specimens 2 in. (50.8 mm) above the bottom ofthe bath.4
31、.13 Miscellaneous Equipment:4.13.1 Containers for heating aggregates, flat-bottom metalpans or other suitable containers.4.13.2 Containers for heating bituminous material, eithergill-type tins, beakers, pouring pots, or saucepans may be used.4.13.3 Mixing Tool, either a steel trowel (garden type) or
32、spatula, for spading and hand mixing.4.13.4 Thermometers for determining temperatures ofaggregates, bitumen, and bituminous mixtures. Armored-glassor dial-type thermometers with metal stems are recommended.A range from 50 to 400F (9.9 to 204C), with sensitivity of5F (2.8C) is required.4.13.5 Thermom
33、eters for water and air baths with a rangefrom 68 to 158F (20 to 70C) sensitive to 0.4F (0.2C).4.13.6 Balance, 10-kg capacity, sensitive to 1.0 g.4.13.7 Gloves for handling hot equipment.4.13.8 Rubber Gloves for removing specimens from waterbath.FIG. 3 Specimen Mold HolderFIG. 4 Breaking HeadFIG. 5
34、Compression Testing MachineD5581 07a (2013)34.13.9 Marking Crayons for identifying specimens.4.13.10 Scoop, flat bottom, for batching aggregates.4.13.11 Spoon, large, for placing the mixture in the speci-men molds.5. Test Specimens5.1 Number of SpecimensPrepare at least three specimensfor each combi
35、nation of aggregates and bitumen content.5.2 Preparation of AggregatesDry aggregates to constantweight at 230 6 9F (110 6 5C) and separate the aggregatesby dry sieving into the desired size fractions. The followingsize fractions are recommended:2to112 in. (50 to 37.5 mm)112 to 1 in. (37.5 to 25.0 mm
36、)1to34 in. (25.0 to 19.0 mm)34 to38 in. (19.0 to 9.5 mm)38 in.toNo.4(9.5mmto4.75mm)No. 4 to No. 8 (4.75 mm to 2.36 mm)Passing No. 8 (2.36 mm)5.3 Determination of Mixing and Compacting Tempera-tures:5.3.1 The temperatures to which the asphalt cement andasphalt cut-back must be heated to produce a vis
37、cosity of0.17 6 0.02 Pas shall be the mixing temperature. Test MethodD2493 or AASHTO T 316 may be used to determine thistemperature-viscosity relationship.5.3.2 The temperature to which asphalt cement must beheated to produce a viscosity of 0.28 6 0.03 Pas shall be thecompacting temperature.Test Met
38、hod D2493 or AASHTOT 316 may be used to determine this temperature-viscosityrelationship.NOTE 4Selection of mixing and compaction temperatures that corre-spond to viscosities of 0.17 6 0.02 Pas and 0.28 6 0.03 Pas,respectively, may or may not apply to modified binders. The user shouldcontact the bin
39、der manufacturer to establish appropriate mixing andcompaction temperature ranges.5.4 Preparation of Mixtures:5.4.1 Weigh into separate pans for each test specimen theamount of each size fraction required to produce a batch thatwill result in a compacted specimen 3.75 6 0.10 in.(95.2 6 2.54 mm) in h
40、eight (about 4050 g). Place the pans onthe hot plate or in the oven and heat to a temperature notexceeding the mixing temperature established in 5.3 by morethan approximately 50F (28C). Charge the mixing bowl withthe heated aggregate and dry mix thoroughly. Form a crater inthe dry blended aggregate
41、and weigh the preheated requiredamount of bituminous material into the mixture. Care must beexercised to prevent loss of the mix during mixing andsubsequent handling. At this point, the temperature of theaggregate and bituminous material shall be within the limits ofthe mixing temperature establishe
42、d in 5.3. Mix the aggregateand bituminous material rapidly until thoroughly coated. If themix consists of absorptive aggregate place the mix in a coveredcontainer in an oven maintained at the mixing temperature for4h.5.5 Compaction of Specimens:5.5.1 Thoroughly clean the specimen mold assembly andth
43、e face of the compaction hammer and heat them either inboiling water or on the hot plate to a temperature between 200and 300F (93.3 and 148.9C). Place a piece of filter paper orpaper toweling cut to size in the bottom of the mold before themixture is introduced. Place approximately one half of theba
44、tch in the mold, spade the mixture vigorously with a heatedspatula or trowel 15 times around the perimeter and 10 timesover the interior. Place the second half of the batch in the moldand repeat the foregoing procedure. Remove the collar andsmooth the surface of the mix with a trowel to a slightlyro
45、unded shape. Place a piece of filter paper or paper towelingcut to size on top of the mix. Temperatures of the mixturesimmediately prior to compaction shall be within the limits ofthe compacting temperature established in 5.3.5.5.2 Replace the collar, place the mold assembly on thecompaction pedesta
46、l in the mold holder, and unless otherwisespecified, apply 75 blows with the mechanically operatedcompaction hammer with a free fall of 18 in. (457.2 mm).Remove the base plate and collar, and reverse and reassemblethe mold. Apply the same number of compaction blows to theface of the reversed specime
47、n.NOTE 5It has been determined that 75 and 112 compaction blowsapplied to a 6-in. (152.4 mm) diameter specimen using the apparatus andprocedure in this standard give densities equivalent to 50 and 75compaction blows, respectively, applied to a 4-in. (101.6 mm) diameterspecimen using Test Method D692
48、6.5.5.3 Cool the compacted specimens and molds prior toremoval of the specimens from the molds to prevent distortion.After cooling, remove the base plate and place the sampleextractor on that end of the specimen. Place the assembly withthe extension collar up in the testing machine, apply pressure t
49、othe collar by means of the load transfer bar, and force thespecimen into the extension collar. Lift the collar from thespecimen. Carefully transfer the specimen to a smooth, flatsurface and allow it to stand overnight at room temperature.Weigh, measure, and test the specimen.NOTE 6When more rapid cooling is desired, table fans may be used.6. Procedure6.1 Bring the specimens to the specified temperature byimmersing in the water bath 45 to 60 min, or placing in theoven for 3 h. Maintain the bath or oven temperature at140 6 1.8F
