1、Designation: D 5581 07a1Standard Test Method forResistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures UsingMarshall Apparatus (6 inch-Diameter Specimen)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5581; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUpdated research report information in Footnote 4 editorially in May 2009.1. Scope1.1 T
3、his test method covers the measurement of the resis-tance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminouspaving mixture loaded on the lateral surface by means of theMarshall apparatus. This test method is for use with mixturescontaining asphalt cement and aggregate up to 112 in. (37.5mm) nomi
4、nal maximum size.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard except for reference to sieve sizes and size ofaggregate as measured by testing sieves in which SI units arestandard according to Specification E11. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to
5、 SI units that areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and det
6、ermine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD 2493 Standard Viscosity-Temperature Chart for AsphaltsD 6926 Practice for Preparation of
7、Bituminous SpecimensUsing Marshall ApparatusD 6927 Test Method for Marshall Stability and Flow ofBituminous MixturesE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes2.2 AASTHO Standards:3T 316 Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder UsingRotational Viscometer3. Significance and Use3.
8、1 This test method is used in the laboratory mix design ofbituminous mixtures. Specimens are prepared in accordancewith the method and tested for maximum load and flow.Density and voids properties may also be determined onspecimens prepared in accordance with the method. The testingsection of this m
9、ethod can also be used to obtain maximumload and flow for bituminous paving specimens cored frompavements or prepared by other methods. These results maydiffer from values obtained on specimens prepared by this testmethod.4. Apparatus4.1 Specimen MoldAssemblyMold cylinders nominal 6.5-in. (165.1-mm)
10、 outside diameter steel tubing with6.000 6 0.008 in. (152.4 6 0.2 mm) inside diameter by 4.5 in.(114.3 mm) in height, base plates, and extension collars shallconform to the details shown in Fig. 1. Nine mold cylinders arerecommended.4.2 Specimen Extractorsteel, in the form of a disk with adiameter f
11、rom 5.950 to 5.990 in. (151.1 to 152.1 mm) and 0.5in. (13 mm) thick for extracting the compacted specimen fromthe specimen mold with the use of the mold collar. A suitablebar is required to transfer the load from the ring dynamometeradapter to the extension collar while extracting the specimen.4.3 M
12、echanical Compactor and Compaction HammerCompactor with13 hp (250W) minimum motor, chain lift,frame, and automatic sliding weight release. The compactionhammer (Fig. 2) shall have a flat, circular tamping face 5.88 in.(149.4 mm) in diameter and a 22.50 6 0.02 lb (10.21 6 0.011This test method is und
13、er the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.20 onMechanical Tests of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2007
14、as D 5581 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Hi
15、ghway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.kg) sliding weight with a free fall of 18.0 6 0.1 in.(45
16、7.2 6 2.5 mm). Two compaction hammers are recom-mended.4.4 Compaction PedestalThe compaction pedestal shallconsist of an 8 by 8 by 18-in. (203.2 by 203.2 by 457.2-mm)wooden post capped with a 12 by 12 by 1-in. (304.8 by 304.8by 25.4-mm) steel plate. The wooden post shall be oak, pine, orother wood h
17、aving an average dry weight of 42 to 48lb/ft3(0.67 to 0.77 g/cm3). The wooden post shall be secured byfour angle brackets to a solid concrete slab. The steel cap shallbe firmly fastened to the post. The pedestal assembly shall beinstalled so that the post is plumb and the cap is level.4.5 Specimen M
18、old Holdermounted on the compactionpedestal so as to center the compaction mold over the center ofthe post as shown in Fig. 3 or equivalent arrangement. It shallhold the compaction mold, collar, and base plate securely inposition during compaction of the specimen.4.6 Breaking Head The breaking head
19、(Fig. 4) shallconsist of upper and lower cylindrical segments or test headshaving an inside radius of curvature of 3 in. (76.2 mm)accurately machined. The lower segment shall be mounted ona base having two perpendicular guide rods or posts extendingupward. Guide sleeves in the upper segments shall b
20、e in sucha position as to direct the two segments together withoutappreciable binding or loose motion on the guide rods. Whena 6.000 in. (152.4 mm) diameter by 4 in. (100 mm) thick metalblock is placed between the two segments, the inside diametersand the gaps between the segments shall conform to F
21、ig. 4. Allsteel components shall be plated.4.7 Loading Jack The loading jack (Fig. 5) shall consistof a screw jack mounted in a test frame and shall produce auniform vertical movement of 2 in. (50.8 mm)/min. An electricmotor may be attached to the jacking mechanism.NOTE 1Instead of the loading jack,
22、 a mechanical or hydraulic testingmachine may be used provided the rate of movement can be maintainedat 2 in. (50.8 mm)/min while the load is applied.4.8 Ring Dynamometer AssemblyOne ring dynamometer(Fig. 5) of 10 000-lb. (4536-kg) capacity and sensitivity of 10lb (4.536 kg) up to 1000 lb (453.6 kg)
23、 and 25 lb (11.340 kg)between 1000 and 10 000 lb (453.6 and 4536 kg) shall beequipped with a micrometer dial. The micrometer dial shall begraduated on 0.0001 in. (0.0025 mm). Upper and lower ringdynamometer attachments are required for fastening the ringdynamometer to the testing frame and transmitt
24、ing the load tothe breaking head.NOTE 2Instead of the ring dynamometer assembly, any suitableload-measuring device may be used provided the capacity and sensitivitymeet the above requirements.4.9 FlowmeterThe flowmeter shall consist of a guidesleeve and a gage. The activating pin of the gage shall s
25、lideFIG. 1 Compaction MoldFIG. 2 Compaction Hammer (Generic)D 5581 07a12inside the guide sleeve with a slight amount of frictionalresistance. The guide sleeve shall slide freely over the guiderod of the breaking head. The flowmeter gauge shall beadjusted to zero when placed in position on the breaki
26、ng headwhen each individual test specimen is inserted between thebreaking head segments. Graduations of the flowmeter gageshall be in 0.01-in. (0.25-mm) divisions.NOTE 3Instead of the flowmeter, a micrometer dial or stress-strainrecorder graduated in 0.001 in. (0.025-mm) may be used to measure flow.
27、4.10 Ovens or Hot PlatesOvens or hot plates shall beprovided for heating aggregates, bituminous material, speci-men molds, compaction hammers, and other equipment to therequired mixing and molding temperatures. It is recommendedthat the heating units be thermostatically controlled so as tomaintain t
28、he required temperature within 5F (2.8C). Suitableshields, baffle plates or sand baths shall be used on the surfacesof the hot plates to minimize localized overheating.4.11 Mixing Apparatus Mechanical mixing is recom-mended. Any type of mechanical mixer may be used providedit can be maintained at th
29、e required mixing temperature andwill provide a well-coated, homogeneous mixture of therequired amount in the allowable time, and further providedthat essentially all of the batch can be recovered. A metal panor bowl of sufficient capacity (such as standard 13 qt. sizeapproximately 614 in. deep) and
30、 hand mixing may also beused.4.12 Water BathThe water bath shall be at least 9 in.(228.6 mm) deep and shall be thermostatically controlled so asto maintain the bath at 140 6 1.8F (60 6 1.0C). The tankshall have a perforated false bottom or be equipped with a shelffor supporting specimens 2 in. (50.8
31、 mm) above the bottom ofthe bath.4.13 Miscellaneous Equipment:4.13.1 Containers for heating aggregates, flat-bottom metalpans or other suitable containers.4.13.2 Containers for heating bituminous material, eithergill-type tins, beakers, pouring pots, or saucepans may be used.4.13.3 Mixing Tool, eith
32、er a steel trowel (garden type) orspatula, for spading and hand mixing.4.13.4 Thermometers for determining temperatures of ag-gregates, bitumen, and bituminous mixtures. Armored-glass ordial-type thermometers with metal stems are recommended. Arange from 50 to 400F (9.9 to 204C), with sensitivity of
33、 5F(2.8C) is required.4.13.5 Thermometers for water and air baths with a rangefrom 68 to 158F (20 to 70C) sensitive to 0.4F (0.2C).4.13.6 Balance, 10-kg capacity, sensitive to 1.0 g.4.13.7 Gloves for handling hot equipment.FIG. 3 Specimen Mold HolderFIG. 4 Breaking HeadFIG. 5 Compression Testing Mac
34、hineD 5581 07a134.13.8 Rubber Gloves for removing specimens from waterbath.4.13.9 Marking Crayons for identifying specimens.4.13.10 Scoop, flat bottom, for batching aggregates.4.13.11 Spoon, large, for placing the mixture in the speci-men molds.5. Test Specimens5.1 Number of SpecimensPrepare at leas
35、t three specimensfor each combination of aggregates and bitumen content.5.2 Preparation of AggregatesDry aggregates to constantweight at 230 6 9F (110 6 5C) and separate the aggregatesby dry sieving into the desired size fractions. The followingsize fractions are recommended:2to112 in. (50 to 37.5 m
36、m)112 to 1 in. (37.5 to 25.0 mm)1to34 in. (25.0 to 19.0 mm)34 to38 in. (19.0 to 9.5 mm)38 in.toNo.4(9.5mmto4.75mm)No. 4 to No. 8 (4.75 mm to 2.36 mm)Passing No. 8 (2.36 mm)5.3 Determination of Mixing and Compacting Tempera-tures:5.3.1 The temperatures to which the asphalt cement andasphalt cut-back
37、must be heated to produce a viscosity of0.17 6 0.02 Pas shall be the mixing temperature. Test MethodD 2493 or AASHTO T 316 may be used to determine thistemperature-viscosity relationship.5.3.2 The temperature to which asphalt cement must beheated to produce a viscosity of 0.28 6 0.03 Pas shall be th
38、ecompacting temperature.Test Method D 2493 or AASHTOT 316 may be used to determine this temperature-viscosityrelationship.NOTE 4Selection of mixing and compaction temperatures that corre-spond to viscosities of 0.17 6 0.02 Pas and 0.28 6 0.03 Pas,respectively, may or may not apply to modified binder
39、s. The user shouldcontact the binder manufacturer to establish appropriate mixing andcompaction temperature ranges.5.4 Preparation of Mixtures:5.4.1 Weigh into separate pans for each test specimen theamount of each size fraction required to produce a batch thatwill result in a compacted specimen 3.7
40、5 6 0.10 in.(95.2 6 2.54 mm) in height (about 4050 g). Place the pans onthe hot plate or in the oven and heat to a temperature notexceeding the mixing temperature established in 5.3 by morethan approximately 50F (28C). Charge the mixing bowl withthe heated aggregate and dry mix thoroughly. Form a cr
41、ater inthe dry blended aggregate and weigh the preheated requiredamount of bituminous material into the mixture. Care must beexercised to prevent loss of the mix during mixing andsubsequent handling. At this point, the temperature of theaggregate and bituminous material shall be within the limits of
42、the mixing temperature established in 5.3. Mix the aggregateand bituminous material rapidly until thoroughly coated. If themix consists of absorptive aggregate place the mix in a coveredcontainer in an oven maintained at the mixing temperature for4h.5.5 Compaction of Specimens:5.5.1 Thoroughly clean
43、 the specimen mold assembly andthe face of the compaction hammer and heat them either inboiling water or on the hot plate to a temperature between 200and 300F (93.3 and 148.9C). Place a piece of filter paper orpaper toweling cut to size in the bottom of the mold before themixture is introduced. Plac
44、e approximately one half of thebatch in the mold, spade the mixture vigorously with a heatedspatula or trowel 15 times around the perimeter and 10 timesover the interior. Place the second half of the batch in the moldand repeat the foregoing procedure. Remove the collar andsmooth the surface of the
45、mix with a trowel to a slightlyrounded shape. Place a piece of filter paper or paper towelingcut to size on top of the mix. Temperatures of the mixturesimmediately prior to compaction shall be within the limits ofthe compacting temperature established in 5.3.5.5.2 Replace the collar, place the mold
46、assembly on thecompaction pedestal in the mold holder, and unless otherwisespecified, apply 75 blows with the mechanically operatedcompaction hammer with a free fall of 18 in. (457.2 mm).Remove the base plate and collar, and reverse and reassemblethe mold. Apply the same number of compaction blows t
47、o theface of the reversed specimen.NOTE 5It has been determined that 75 and 112 compaction blowsapplied to a 6-in. (152.4 mm) diameter specimen using the apparatus andprocedure in this standard give densities equivalent to 50 and 75compaction blows, respectively, applied to a 4-in. (101.6 mm) diamet
48、erspecimen using Test Method D 6926.5.5.3 Cool the compacted specimens and molds prior toremoval of the specimens from the molds to prevent distortion.After cooling, remove the base plate and place the sampleextractor on that end of the specimen. Place the assembly withthe extension collar up in the
49、 testing machine, apply pressure tothe collar by means of the load transfer bar, and force thespecimen into the extension collar. Lift the collar from thespecimen. Carefully transfer the specimen to a smooth, flatsurface and allow it to stand overnight at room temperature.Weigh, measure, and test the specimen.NOTE 6When more rapid cooling is desired, table fans may be used.6. Procedure6.1 Bring the specimens to the specified temperature byimmersing in the water bath 45 to 60 min, or placing in theoven for 3 h. Maintain the b
