1、Designation: D5592 94 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Guide forMaterial Properties Needed in Engineering Design UsingPlastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5592; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONPlastics are increasingly being used in durable applications as structural components on a basiscomparable wit
3、h traditional materials such as steels and aluminum, as well as high performancecomposite systems. Unlike many consumer-goods applications, where plastics typically serve asenclosures, these durables applications primarily involve load-bearing components exposed to ratherbroad varying operating envi
4、ronments over the life cycle of the product. This necessitates access tomaterial property profiles over a wide range of conditions, rather than typical values reported at roomtemperature. In order to design effectively with plastics, the designer must take into account the effectsof time, temperatur
5、e, rate, and environment on the performance of plastics, and the consequences offailure.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the essential material propertiesneeded for designing with plastics. Its purpose is to raise theawareness of the plastics community regarding the specificconsiderations involved in u
6、sing the appropriate materialproperties in design calculations.1.2 This guide is intended only as a convenient resource forengineering design. It should be noted that the specific oper-ating conditions (temperature, applied stress or strain, environ-ment, etc. and corresponding duration of such expo
7、sures) couldvary significantly from one application to another. It is,therefore, the responsibility of the user to perform any perti-nent tests under actual conditions of use to determine thesuitability of the material in the intended application.1.3 The applicable ISO andASTM standard methods for t
8、herelevant material properties are listed in this guide for thebenefit of design engineers.1.4 It should be noted that for some of the desired proper-ties, no ASTM or ISO standards exist. These include pvT data,no-flow temperature, ejection temperature, and fatigue intension. In these instances, rel
9、ying on available test methods issuggested.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
10、the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plas
11、tics toChemical ReagentsD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD671 Test Method for Flexural Fatigue of Plastics byConstant-Amplitude-of-Force3D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlasticsD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1435 Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastic
12、sD1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients ofFriction of Plastic Film and SheetingD1999 Guide for Selection of Specimens and Test Param-eters from ISO/IEC Standards3D2565 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics In-tended for Outdoor Applications1This guide is under the jurisdiction o
13、f ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5592 - 94 (2002)e1.DOI: 10.1520/D5592-94R10.2For refere
14、nced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is ref
15、erencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flex-ural Creep and Creep-Rupture of PlasticsD2991 Practice for Testing Stress-Relaxation of PlasticsD3045 Practi
16、ce for Heat Aging of Plastics Without LoadD3123 Test Method for Spiral Flow of Low-Pressure Ther-mosetting Molding CompoundsD3417 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystal-lization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC)3D3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures and En-thalp
17、ies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers byDifferential Scanning CalorimetryD3641 Practice for Injection Molding Test Specimens ofThermoplastic Molding and Extrusion MaterialsD3835 Test Method for Determination of Properties ofPolymeric Materials by Means of a Capillary RheometerD4473 Test Meth
18、od for Plastics: Dynamic MechanicalProperties: Cure BehaviorD5045 Test Methods for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughnessand Strain Energy Release Rate of Plastic MaterialsD5279 Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic MechanicalProperties: In TorsionE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE228 Te
19、st Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of SolidMaterials With a Push-Rod DilatometerE1150 Definitions of Terms Relating to Fatigue2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 175 PlasticsDetermination of the Effects of Immer-sion in Liquid ChemicalsISO 294-1 PlasticsInjection Moulding of Test Specimensof Thermoplastic Ma
20、terialsGeneral Principles, andMoulding of Multipurpose and Bar Test SpecimensISO 527-1 PlasticsDetermination of Tensile PropertiesPart 1: General PrinciplesISO 527-2 PlasticsDetermination of Tensile PropertiesPart 2: Test Conditions for Moulding and ExtrusionPlasticsISO 527-4 PlasticsDetermination o
21、f Tensile PropertiesPart 4: Test Conditions for Isotropic and Orthotropic FibreReinforced Plastic CompositesISO 604 PlasticsDetermination of Compressive Proper-tiesISO 899-1 PlasticsDetermination of Creep Behaviour -Tensile CreepISO 899-2 PlasticsDetermination of Creep Behaviour -Flexural Creep by T
22、hree-Point LoadingISO 2578 PlasticsDetermination of Time-TemperatureLimits After Prolonged Exposure to HeatISO 3167 PlasticsMultipurpose Test SpecimensISO 4607 PlasticsMethods of Exposure to Natural Weath-eringISO 4892-2 PlasticsMethods of Exposure to LaboratoryLight SourcesPart 2: Xenon Arc Sources
23、ISO 6721-2 PlasticsDetermination of Dynamic Mechani-cal PropertiesPart 2: Torsion PendulumISO 8295 PlasticsFilm and SheetingDetermination ofthe Coefficients of FrictionISO 10350.1 PlasticsAcquisition and Presentation ofComparable Single-Point Data Part 1: Moulding Mate-rialsISO 11403-1 PlasticsAcqui
24、sition and Presentation ofComparable Multipoint DataPart 1: Mechanical Prop-ertiesISO 11403-2 PlasticsAcquisition and Presentation ofComparable Multipoint DataPart 2: Thermal and Pro-cessing PropertiesISO 11443 PlasticsDetermination of the Fluidity of Plas-tics Using Capillary and Slit-Die Rheometer
25、s3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 agingthe effect on materials of exposure to anenvironment for an interval of time (see Terminology D883).3.1.2 coeffcient of frictiona measure of the resistance tosliding of one surface in contact with another surface.3.1.3 coeffcient of linear thermal expansiont
26、he change inlinear dimension per unit of original length of a material for aunit change in temperature.3.1.4 compressive strengththe compressive stress that amaterial is capable of sustaining. In the case of a material thatdoes not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the valuefor compressi
27、ve strength is an arbitrary value depending uponthe degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating completefailure of the material (modified from Terminology E6).3.1.5 creepthe time-dependent increase in strain in re-sponse to applied stress (modified from Terminology E6).3.1.6 creep modulusthe
28、 ratio of initial applied stress tocreep strain (see Test Method D2990).3.1.7 creep rupture stressstress to produce material fail-ure corresponding to a fixed time to rupture (modified fromTest Method D2990).3.1.8 critical stress intensity factortoughness parameterindicative of the resistance of a m
29、aterial to fracture at fractureinitiation (see Test Method D5045).3.1.9 engineering stressstress based on initial cross sec-tional area of the specimen.3.1.10 fatiguethe process of progressive localized perma-nent deleterious change or loss of properties occurring in amaterial subjected to cyclic lo
30、ading conditions (modified fromDefinitions E1150).3.1.11 Poissons ratiothe absolute value of the ratio oftransverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resultingfrom uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportionallimit of the material (see Terminology D883).3.1.12 proportional limitth
31、e greatest stress that a materialis capable of sustaining without any deviation from propor-tionality of stress to strain (Hookes law) (see Test MethodD638).3.1.13 PV limitthe limiting combination of pressure andvelocity that will cause failure of any polymer rubbing againstanother surface without l
32、ubrication at a specific ambienttemperature and tested in a specific geometry.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D5592 94 (2010)23.1.14 secant modulusthe ratio of engineering stress tocorresponding strain at
33、a designated strain point on thestress-strain curve (see Test Method D638).3.1.15 shear modulusthe quotient of the shearing stressand the resulting angular deformation of the test specimenmeasured in the range of small recoverable deformations (seeISO 6721-2).3.1.16 shear strengththe maximum shear s
34、tress that amaterial is capable of sustaining. Shear strength is calculatedfrom the maximum load during a shear or torsion test and isbased on the original dimensions of the cross section of thespecimen (see Terminology E6).3.1.17 tensile modulusthe ratio of engineering stress tocorresponding strain
35、 below the proportional limit of a materialin tension (modified from Test Method D638).3.1.18 tensile stress at breakthe tensile stress sustained bythe material at break (modified from Test Method D638).3.1.19 tensile stress at yieldthe tensile stress sustained bythe material at the yield point (mod
36、ified from Test MethodD638).3.1.20 warpagedistortion caused by non-uniform changeof internal stresses (D883).3.1.21 yield pointthe first point on the stress-strain curveat which an increase in strain occurs without an increase instress (see Test Method D638).4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is
37、intended to serve as a reference to theplastics community for material properties needed in engineer-ing design.4.2 Product datasheets or product literature typically reportsingle-point values at ambient conditions and hence, by theirvery nature, are inadequate for engineering design and struc-tural
38、 analysis of a component or system. A detailed propertyprofile for the particular grade chosen for a given part not onlyenhances the confidence of the design engineer by allowing amore realistic assessment of the material under close-to-actualservice environments but also may avoid premature failure
39、 ofthe designed component and potential liability litigation later.Additionally, it would also eliminate use of larger “designsafety factors” that result in “overengineering” or “overde-sign.” Not only is such overdesign unwarranted, but it adds tothe total part cost, resulting in a good example of
40、ineffectivedesign with plastics and a prime target for substitution by othermaterials.4.3 One of the problems faced by design engineers is accessto comparable data among similar products from differentmaterial suppliers because of the lack of standardized reportingformat in the plastics industry. IS
41、O 10350.1, ISO 11403-1, andISO 11403-2 are intended to address the comparability of dataissue only as far as single-point and multipoint data formaterial selection. This guide attempts to serve as a means tostandardize the format to report comparable data for engineer-ing design. It is essential tha
42、t incorporating standardized testspecimen geometry and specific test conditions as recom-mended in Guide D1999, Practice D3641,orISO 3167 andISO 294-1 are an integral part of the data generation.5. Material Properties in Engineering Design5.1 Finite element analysis is an integral part of computerai
43、ded design/engineering (CAD/CAE). It serves as a powerfultool for design engineers in performing engineering analysis ofplastics components to predict the performance. The materialdata inputs required for carrying out these analyses essentiallyconstitute the minimum data needed in engineering design
44、.5.2 The material properties essential in engineering designcan be grouped into three main categories; (1) propertiesessential for structural analysis, (2) properties essential forassessing manufacturability, and (3) properties essential forevaluating assembly. The properties essential for structura
45、lanalysis are employed in assessing the structural integrity ofthe designed part over its useful life or in determining therequired geometry of the part to ensure structural integrity. Theproperties essential for assessing manufacturability are em-ployed in simulating the part filling/post filling s
46、teps tooptimize processing conditions and for predictions of dimen-sional stability of the manufactured part. The properties essen-tial for assembly considerations are employed in evaluating theability to join/assemble the component parts.5.3 As functional requirements are often specific to eachappl
47、ication, the material properties essential for structuralanalysis can be classified into two categoriesthose that aresomewhat application specific and those that are not.5.4 Whether the individual property is application-specificor not, certain properties are directly employed in designcalculations
48、while others are employed more or less forverification of the design limits. For example, although partsmay fail in service under multi-axial impact loading condi-tions, the impact energy data can be used only in designverification, at best. Additional examples of properties that areuseful only for
49、design verification include fatigue (S-N) curves,wear factor, PV limit, retention of properties following expo-sure to chemicals and solvents, and accelerated aging or UVexposure/outdoor weathering.5.5 Almost all structural design calculations fall under oneof the following types of analysis or some combination thereof:beam or plate; pipe; snap fits, pressfits, threads, bearing, bolts;or buckling. The properties needed for each of these designcalculations are summarized in Table 1.5.6 In plate and beam analyses, flexural modulus
