1、Designation: D 5598 01 (Reapproved 2007)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEvaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelfor Electronic Port Fuel Injector Fouling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5598; the number immediately following the designation
2、 indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis test method is based on a test
3、procedure developed by the Coordinating Research Council(CRC) and maintains as much commonality as possible with the original test. A similar test methodis described in the California Air Resource Board (CARB) report, “Test Method for Evaluating PortFuel Injector Deposits in Vehicle Engines.”Driveab
4、ility problems in PFI automobiles were first reported in 1984. These driveability problemswere caused by deposits in the tips of pintle-type fuel injectors. In response to this problem, the CRCdeveloped a program to evaluate a method of testing PFI deposit-forming tendencies in gasolines. -htest cyc
5、le consisting of 15 min of operation at 88 kph (55 mph) followed by a 45-min soak period wasused for the program. This test cycle showed statistically significant differences in deposit-formingtendencies of the test fuels on the vehicles fuel injectors. The results of the CRC program arediscussed in
6、 CRC Report No. 565,2and SAE Paper 890213.31. Scope1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure toevaluate the tendency of an unleaded spark-ignition engine fuelto foul electronic port fuel injectors (PFI).1.2 The test method is applicable to unleaded spark-ignitionengine fuels which may con
7、tain antioxidants, corrosion inhibi-tors, metal deactivators, dyes, deposit control additives, andoxygenates.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are provided for informa-tion only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafet
8、y concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given throughout this test method.NO
9、TE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test MethodD 5598, contact ASTM Headquarters. Other properties of significance tospark-ignition engine fuel are described in Specification D 4814.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirit
10、s)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D 4814 Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuel2.2 ANSI Standard:5MC 96.1 Temperature Measurement Thermocouples2.3 Other Standards:“Test Method for Evaluating Port Fuel Injector (PFI)Deposits In Vehicle Engines,” State of CaliforniaAirResources Board
11、(CARB), Stationary Source Div., March1, 1991 (incorporated by reference in California Code ofRegulations, Title 13, Section 2257).61This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0.01 on Gasoli
12、ne and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 5598 01.2CRC Report No. 565 “A Program to Evaluate a Vehicle Test Method for PortFuel Injector Deposit-Forming Tendencies of Unleaded Ba
13、se Gasolines,” February1989. Available from Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Ctr.Pkwy., Atlanta, GA 30346.3Tupa, Taniguchi, Benson, “A Vehicle Test Technique for Studying Port FuelInjector DepositsA Coordinating Research Council Program,” Society of Auto-motive Engineers (SAE) Tech
14、nical Paper Series: Paper No. 890213, 1989,Availablefrom Society of Automotive Engineers International, 400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale, PA 15096.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
15、 volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6Available from California Air Resources Board, P.O. Box 2815, Sacramento,CA 95812, http
16、:/www.arb.ca.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Title 1Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance ofNational Air Quality Standards, Clean Air Act Amend-ments of 1990 Public Law 101-549, Nov. 15, 1990.73. Terminology3.
17、1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 base fuel, nunleaded automotive spark-ignition en-gine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, butmay contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactiva-tors, dyes, and oxygenates.3.1.2 deposit control additive, nmaterial
18、added to the basefuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intakesystem.3.1.2.1 DiscussionFor the purpose of this test method, theperformance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limitedto the electronic port fuel injector tip areas.3.1.3 driveability, nthe quality of a vehicles
19、 performancecharacteristics as perceived by the operator in response tochanges in throttle position.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe performance characteristics mayinclude cold starting and warmup, acceleration, vapor lock, andhot starting.3.1.4 electronic port fuel injector (PFI), nan electrome-chanical devic
20、e used to control fuel flow in an internalcombustion engine.3.1.5 fouling, vformation of carbonaceous deposits on thepintle or metering surfaces of an electronic fuel injector, whichreduces fuel flow rate.3.1.6 pintle, nneedle-like metering device, that is part ofan electronic fuel injector, which c
21、ontrols flow rate and spraypattern.3.1.7 test fuel, nbase fuel with or without the addition ofa deposit control additive which is used to accumulate mileageas described in this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes a procedure for evaluatingthe formation of deposits in
22、port fuel injectors of a modernspark-ignition engine. This test method described herein uti-lizes a 2.2-L Chrysler turbocharged engine equipped with anoverhead camshaft, two valves per cylinder, and electronic portfuel injection. This test method includes a procedure forrunning a vehicle on a prescr
23、ibed test cycle to form deposits inthe port fuel injectors and a procedure for determining theresultant flow loss of a set of standardized injectors of knownflow rate.4.2 Each test begins with a new set of standardized fuelinjectors which have previously been flow rated. All routinemaintenance is pe
24、rformed in accordance with the Chryslerservice manual.8The entire fuel system is flushed and filledwith the new test fuel. To ensure compliance with the estab-lished test procedure, a data logger is active at all times afterthe test has begun, during all mileage accumulation and soaktimes.4.3 The ve
25、hicle is operated on a cycle consisting of 15 minat a speed of 88 kph (55 mph) and an engine soak time of 45min. This cycle is repeated for a total of 16 100 km (10 000miles).4.4 After the required mileage has been accumulated, theport fuel injectors are removed from the engine and theend-of-test fl
26、ow rate is measured. The resultant flow loss isthen calculated by comparing both end and start of test flowrates. Operational and mechanical criteria are then reviewed todetermine if the test shall be considered valid.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test MethodDeposits are prone to form on the meter-ing
27、surfaces of pintle-type electronic fuel injectors. Thesedeposits reduce fuel flow through the metering orifices. Reduc-tions in metered fuel flow result in an upset in the air-fuel ratio,which can affect emissions and driveability. When heavyenough, these deposits can lead to driveability symptoms s
28、uchas hesitation, hard starting, loss of power, or a combinationthereof, that are easily noticed by the average driver and leadto customer complaints. The mechanism of the formation ofdeposits is not completely understood. It is believed to beinfluenced by many factors, including driving cycle, engi
29、nedesign, port fuel injector design, and composition of fuel used.The procedure in this test method has been found to builddeposits in injectors on a consistent basis. The deposits formedby this procedure are similar to the deposits experienced in thefield in terms of composition and in amount of de
30、position. Thisprocedure can be used to evaluate differences in unleaded basefuels and fuel additives.5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and RegulatoryActionLegislative and regulatory activity, primarily by thestate of California6and the Federal Government7necessitatethe acceptance of a standard tes
31、t method to evaluate the portfuel injector deposit-forming tendency of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.5.1.2 Relevance of ResultsThe operating conditions anddesign of the engine and vehicle used in this test method arenot representative of all modern automobiles. These factorsmust be consid
32、ered when interpreting test results.5.2 Test Validity:5.2.1 Procedural ComplianceThe test results are not con-sidered valid unless the test is completed in compliance with allrequirements of this test method. Deviations from the param-eter limits presented in Section 10 will result in a void test.En
33、gineering judgment must be applied during conduct of thetest method when assessing any anomalies to ensure validity ofthe test results.5.2.2 Vehicle ComplianceA test is not considered validunless the vehicle has met the quality control inspectionrequirements in accordance with 8.2.6. Apparatus6.1 Au
34、tomobileThe vehicle to be used for this test methodis a Chrysler Corp. vehicle equipped with a 2.2-L, 4- cylinderturbocharged engine. An intercooled turbocharged engine mayalso be used. Vehicles equipped with either manual or auto-matic transmissions are acceptable. Hood vents shall beplugged on veh
35、icles so equipped. Only vehicles from model7Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, Available from Superintendent ofDocuments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.8Available from Chrysler Corp. Service Publications, 25999 Lawrence Ave.,Center Line, MI 48015.D 5598 01 (2007)2years 1985 th
36、rough 1987, inclusive, shall be used. Allowablevehicle models are shown in Table 1.6.1.1 Electronic Port Fuel InjectorsOnly Bosch EV1.1Apintle-style injectors with plastic caps shall be used. Theseinjectors are Bosch part number 0280150360.9The corre-sponding Chrysler Corp. part number is 4306024 an
37、d is clearlymarked on the injector. All tests shall begin with new,flow-tested injectors. Each new injector shall be qualified forleak rate prior to testing using the procedure in Annex A1.6.1.2 TiresAll tires shall be of the same size and asspecified by the vehicle manfacturer. Tires shall be infla
38、ted tothe manufacturers recommended pressure or up to a maximumpressure of 310 6 10 kPa (45 6 0.5 psi) for chassisdynamometer use.6.1.3 Miscellaneous PartsAll powertrain components,front-end accessory drive, air intake system, and exhaustsystem, except as specified, shall be original equipment,origi
39、nal equipment manufacturer replacement parts, or equiva-lent.6.1.4 New Engine/Vehicle Parts ListTable 2 containsthose frequently replaced parts with the correspondingChrysler/Mopar part number to be used for the buildup of thevehicle as required by this test method. Part numbers suggestedin Table 2
40、or listed by the manufacturer may vary frommodel-to-model.6.2 Laboratory Facilities:6.2.1 Fuel Injector Testing AreaThe ambient atmosphereof the fuel injector testing area shall be reasonably free ofcontaminants. The temperature shall be maintained at a uni-form temperature between 21 and 27C (70 an
41、d 80F).Uniform temperature is necessary to ensure repeatable injectorflow measurements. (WarningProvide adequate ventilationand fire protection in areas where flammable or volatile liquids,or both, and solvents are used. Suitable protective clothing isrecommended.)6.2.2 Garage/Maintenance AreaThe am
42、bient atmosphereof the garage/maintenance area shall be reasonably free ofcontaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be main-tained at a uniform, comfortable level. Because of the delicatenature of the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extremechanges in temperature or humidity. (Warning
43、Adequateventilation and fire protection are necessary in areas whereautomotive spark-ignition engine fuel and deposit controldetergent additives are handled. Suitable protective clothing isrecommended.) (WarningAdequate ventilation and fire pro-tection are necessary concerning the venting of the veh
44、icleexhaust and when working on vehicle fuel systems. Suitableprotective clothing is recommended.)6.2.3 Chassis DynamometerA chassis dynamometer maybe used for mileage accumulation. The dynamometer shall becalibrated before the beginning of each series of tests andmonitored throughout each test. Bot
45、h single- and dual-rolldynamometers are acceptable for use.6.2.4 Deposit Control Additive Blending FacilitiesInsteadof supplying a finished test fuel, the test sponsor may supplyconcentrated additive in bulk to the test laboratory. The testrequestor shall obtain concurrence from the test laboratoryr
46、egarding the supply of base fuels and additives and theirpackaging. For those laboratories offering the capability ofblending additive and base fuel, the laboratories must have theability to handle and blend the additive into fuel supplied ineither bulk, 210-L (55-gal) drums, or both. The laboratory
47、 shallhave an appropriate balance or graduated cylinder to blend theadditive at the recommended concentrations expressed as amass or volumetric ratio. The base fuel and additive shall beplaced, at the appropriate ratio, into 210-L drums or bulkstorage tanks and clearly labeled. Provisions to stir or
48、 recircu-late the fuel/additive blend to ensure a homogeneous mixtureare necessary. Safe, clean storage shall be provided for basefuel, additive, and test fuel. The ambient atmosphere of theadditive blending facility area shall be reasonably free ofcontaminants. The testing laboratory shall retain a
49、 1-L sampleof the fuel blend. The sample shall be held for one month aftertest completion date or released to test requestor. (WarningAdequate ventilation and fire protection are necessary in areaswhere automotive spark-ignition engine fuel and deposit con-trol detergent additives are handled. Suitable protective cloth-ing is recommended.)6.2.5 Fuel Storage and Refueling FacilitiesSufficient fin-ished test fuel shall be stored at the refueling station in clearlylabeled drums or dispensers. In laboratories that may runseveral different test metho
