1、Designation: D5635/D5635M 11Standard Test Method forDynamic Puncture Resistance of Roofing MembraneSpecimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5635/D5635M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the maximumdynamic puncture load that roofing membrane samples canwithst
3、and, without allowing the passage of water, when sub-jected to impact from a rigid object having a sharp edge.1.2 This laboratory test can be conducted at any desiredtemperature using membrane samples manufactured in a fac-tory or prepared in a laboratory.1.3 Roof membrane specimens to which the tes
4、t method isapplicable include bituminous built-up, polymer-modified bi-tumens, vulcanized rubbers, non-vulcanized polymeric, andthermoplastic materials.1.3.1 The applicability of this test method to these mem-brane specimens includes their use in vegetative roof systems.1.4 This test method is not a
5、pplicable to aggregate-surfacedmembrane specimens; however, it is applicable to specimenshaving factory-applied granules.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eac
6、hsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to esta
7、blish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene ThermalInsulationD1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing3. Terminology3
8、.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology D1079.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The roofing membrane test specimen, set on a thermalinsulation substrate, is subjected to a predetermined dynamicimpact load created by a rigid falling puncture head. The he
9、adfalls through a quarter-circle trajectory from a vertical positionto horizontal position under gravitational acceleration.4.2 The puncture energy is increased from 5 to 50 J 119 to1190 ftpdl in 2.5 J 59.4 ftpdl increments until puncture ofthe membrane specimen occurs or until the maximum energy is
10、reached.4.3 Puncture of the test specimen is assessed by visualexamination and verified by conducting a watertightness test.5. Principle of the Test Method5.1 The energy at impact is equated to the potential energyof the raised puncture head as follows:E 5 mgH (1)where:m = mass of the puncture head
11、(in kg or lbm),g = gravitational acceleration (in m/s2or ft/s2), andH = height through which the puncture head falls (in metresor feet).In this test method, the height is fixed at 0.51 m 1.67 ft.With gravitational acceleration being equal to 9.8 m/s232ft/s2, the impact energy is, thus, equal to the
12、following:E 5 5m (2)where:m = kg.orE 5 53.4m (3)where:m = lbm.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.20 onRoofing Membrane Systems.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2011. Published May 2011. Or
13、iginallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5635 04a. DOI:10.1520/D5635_D5635M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stand
14、ards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Increasing the mass of the puncture head from 1 to 10 kg 2.2to 22 lbm in increments of 0.5 kg 1.1 lbm increases thepuncture energy from 5 t
15、o 50 J 119 to 1190 ftpdl inincrements of 2.5 J 59.4 ftpdl.NOTE 1A counter weight placed on the falling arm opposite to theaxis of rotation eliminates the need to include the mass of the arm in thedetermination of the impact energy.6. Significance and Use6.1 An important factor affecting the performa
16、nce of mem-brane roofing systems is their ability to resist dynamic punctureloads. This test method provides a means to assess dynamicpuncture resistance.6.2 This test method can be used to compare the dynamicpuncture resistance of a single type of membrane as a functionof a variety of insulation su
17、bstrates or, conversely, to comparethe resistance of a number of membrane specimens set on asingle type of insulation.6.3 The effect of temperature on puncture resistance can bestudied by conducting the test under controlled conditionsusing such equipment as an environmental chamber, oven, orfreezer
18、.6.4 The test method can be useful in developing perfor-mance criteria for membrane roofing systems.6.5 The test method can be useful in developing classifica-tions of dynamic puncture resistance of membrane roofingsystems.6.6 While it is considered that the results obtained by thislaboratory test c
19、an afford a measure of the dynamic punctureresistance of membrane roofing systems in the field, (providedthat service loads and temperature conditions are known) nodirect correlation has yet been established.6.7 This test method can be useful for evaluating thedynamic puncture resistance of membrane
20、s used in vegetativeroof systems.7. Apparatus7.1 Dynamic Puncture DeviceThe dynamic puncture de-vice consists primarily of a heavy base, a falling arm, andpuncture head (see Fig. 1).7.1.1 The falling arm is attached to the base so that it canrotate freely (for example, using ball bearings) from a ve
21、rticalto horizontal position. The length of the arm is sufficiently longso that the puncture head can be secured to it at a distance thatis 0.51 m 1.67 ft, 60.5 %, from the point of rotation at thebase.7.1.2 The shape and dimensions of a typical puncture headare given in Fig. 2. When mounted on the
22、arm, the face of thepuncture head is parallel to axis of rotation. Several heads ofdifferent mass may be needed. Alternatively, a means foradding weights to a given puncture head to increase its masscan be used. The head and additional weights shall constitute acontinuous series of mass from 1 to 10
23、 kg 2.2 to 22 lbm in 0.5kg 1.1 lbm increments. The mass of the puncture head shallbe within 60.5 % of that selected.NOTE 2It is suggested that the puncture head be fabricated from 1018mild steel to minimize risk of damage during its use. No matter the metalfrom which the puncture head is made, users
24、 of the test device shouldperiodically examine the puncture head to check that damage has notoccurred during use.7.1.3 A counter weight, equivalent to the mass of the fallingarm, is placed on the arm on the side of the axis of rotationopposite to that holding the puncture head. The presence of theco
25、unter weight eliminates the need to include the mass of thearm in the determination of the puncture energy. Alternatively,if a counter weight is not used, then the mass of the arm shallbe included in the determination of the impact energy.7.1.4 The device shall incorporate a mechanism that allowsthe
26、 puncture head to be kept stationary in an upright position,forming an angle from the vertical not exceeding 5. Thismechanism shall allow release of the arm so that it falls freelywithout any additional motion imposed.NOTE 3A vacuum release mechanism has been found suitable for thispurpose.7.1.5 The
27、 base of the device, supporting the arm andpuncture head, is placed on a horizontal surface that issufficiently stable. This surface shall not shake, vibrate, orotherwise move when the test is conducted at maximum impactenergy. The arm and puncture head of the dynamic puncturedevice shall be horizon
28、tal when the puncture head contacts thehorizontal surface of the test specimen (see Fig. 1). Heavy rigidshims having length and width dimensions larger than those ofthe test specimen and substrate may be used.7.2 Specimen FrameA frame, having minimum exteriorand interior dimensions of 250 by 250 mm
29、9.8 by 9.8 in. and200 by 200 mm 7.9 by 7.9 in., respectively, and a minimummass of 2.5 kg 5.5 lbm is used to hold the test specimen inplace on the insulation substrate during the test. Adheremedium abrasive, 60 grit sand paper to the bottom surface ofthe specimen frame.NOTE 4The bottom surface of th
30、e frame is that surface which sets onthe specimen. The use of sand paper assists in securing the specimenduring test. Double-side adhesive tape has been found suitable foradhering the sand paper to metal frames. The sand paper is replaced withnew pieces when it no longer assists in securing the spec
31、imen during test.FIG. 1 Schematic of the Dynamic Puncture DeviceD5635/D5635M 1127.2.1 It is not prohibited to use clamping for holding the testspecimen in place on the insulation substrate and for inhibitingthe test specimen from slipping under the specimen frameduring impact (Note 5).NOTE 5Nonreinf
32、orced rubber membrane materials have been foundto be prone to such slipping when clamping is not used.8. Sampling and Sample Preparation8.1 Single-Ply SamplesCut the test specimens directlyfrom the sheet membrane material in accordance with 9.1.8.2 Multi-Ply Samples Prepared in the Laboratory:8.2.1
33、Condition all components at 23 6 2C 74 6 3F and50 6 5 % relative humidity for 24 6 0.25 h prior to construct-ing the membrane sample.8.2.2 Prepare the multi-ply membrane samples at least 0.90by 1.20 m 3 by 4 ft in accordance with the membranemanufacturers instructions or by using other preparationme
34、thods at the discretion of the test laboratory. The method ofpreparation shall be described in the report of the test. Thequantity of material in each layer of the membrane sample shallbe within 10 % of that specified, and the entire sample shall bewithin 5 %. Cut the test specimens directly from th
35、is largermembrane sample, in accordance with 9.1.9. Test Specimens9.1 DimensionsThe dimensions of the membrane testspecimens and insulation substrates are 250 by 250 mm 9.8 by9.8 in. Cut the test specimens and substrates to size using ametal template having these dimensions.9.2 Number of SpecimensTh
36、e number of specimens canvary depending upon the actual performance of the membranematerial found during testing. It is suggested that at leasttwelve specimens be available at the beginning of the test.9.3 Type of Membrane Specimen SubstrateThe use of anyroof insulation as a membrane specimen substr
37、ate is allowable.The membrane substrate shall be expanded polystyrene boardconforming to Specification C578, Type IX and having aNOTE 1Dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 2 Shape and Dimensions of Puncture HeadD5635/D5635M 113thickness of 38 mm 1.5 in., 615 %, unless otherwise speci-fied. Whatever in
38、sulation is used, the sections used as thespecimen substrate throughout the test shall be taken from thesame manufactured lot.10. Conditioning and Test Temperature Selection10.1 Condition the apparatus and all specimens at theselected test temperature 62C 63F for a minimum of 8 hprior to testing.10.
39、2 It is not prohibited to conduct tests across a range ofcold, room, and elevated temperatures. Unless otherwise speci-fied, the test shall be conducted at 23C 74F.10.2.1 The selected temperature shall be maintained at62C 63F throughout the test.11. Procedure11.1 Screening Procedure:11.1.1 Secure th
40、e membrane specimen on the insulationusing the specimen frame.11.1.2 Position the assembly under the falling arm of thedynamic puncture device so that the puncture head is set on thecenter of the surface of the specimen. Align the arm andpuncture head horizontally to the specimen surface. Thedirecti
41、on of the test specimen (that is, longitudinal or trans-verse) shall be perpendicular to the direction of the puncturehead.11.1.3 Select an initial mass of the puncture head, in integralincrements of 0.5 kg 1.1 lbm, somewhat below that at whichthe specimen may be expected to fail.NOTE 6Pretesting sp
42、ecimens at various masses is useful to estimatethe initial load to be applied.11.1.4 Raise the arm and puncture head to the verticalposition and allow it to fall freely onto the specimen surface.Then visually examine the specimen to determine whetherpuncture has occurred.11.1.5 If it cannot be deter
43、mined visually that the specimenhas or has not punctured, apply a suitable watertightness test.One example of a suitable test is the use of water pressure of5000 Pa 0.73 lbf/in.2 applied for 15 min to the surface of themembrane specimen that was subjected to the impact (Note 7).Another example is a
44、dielectric test (Note 8). If the testspecimen is not watertight, repeat the procedure in 11.1.4 and11.1.5 on another test specimen using a puncture head havinglesser mass.NOTE 7One type of watertightness test that has been used to examinewhether membrane specimens have been punctured incorporates a
45、watercolumn sealed to the top of the membrane specimen.Awater height of 500mm 20 in. provides a pressure of 5000 Pa 0.73 lbf/in2. A similar typeof watertightness test uses a chamber in which the membrane specimen issealed and into which water is forced at the specified pressure.NOTE 8One dielectric
46、test for examining whether membrane speci-mens have been punctured uses a 15 kV dielectric tester with a pointedelectrode. The test specimen is placed on a metal plate (second electrode),such that contact exists between the impacted area of the specimen and themetal plate. The size of the metal plat
47、e is at least that of the specimen. A15 kV charge is applied across the specimen at the location of the appliedpuncture force by passing the pointed electrode over the impacted areawhile in contact with the specimen surface. If sparks are observed,puncture has occurred.11.1.6 Using the same specimen
48、, repeat 11.1.4 and 11.1.5 asnecessary, increasing the puncture head mass by 0.5 kg 1.1lbm each time, until puncture occurs or until the maximumpuncture head mass of 10 kg 22 lbm is reached. Shift thespecimen and insulation substrate at least 25 mm 1 in. so thatthe puncture head impacts an area that
49、 was not previouslystruck.11.1.7 Using a new membrane specimen and a new insula-tion substrate, repeat the test at the last mass selected to verifythe results of the screening procedure.11.2 Dynamic Puncture Resistance Determination:11.2.1 Conduct the test on three new membrane specimensand insulation substrates in accordance with 11.1, using apuncture head mass that is 0.5 kg 1.1 lbm less than that whichcaused puncture in the screening procedure or at the 10 kg 22lbm maximum mass that did
