1、Designation: D5639/D5639M 09Standard Practice forSelection of Corrugated Fiberboard Materials and BoxConstruction Based on Performance Requirements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5639/D5639M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides information on corrugated fiber-board for the prospe
3、ctive user who wants guidance in selectingattributes of materials and box construction based on perfor-mance requirements. These attributes should be part of speci-fications which establish levels of the qualities a shippingcontainer must have in order to be acceptable to the purchaseror user. The a
4、ttributes and qualities should be testable, usingstandard methods that are recognized by both the buyer andseller. This practice will assist users in developing specifica-tions for corrugated containers through an analysis of perfor-mance requirements and subsequent relationships to fiberboardmateri
5、als and box construction attributes. This practice isintended to provide specific corrugated container performancestandards as opposed to packaged product performance evalu-ation through distribution and handling environments, such asPractice D4169.1.2 The attributes and their levels should be based
6、 on theintended use of the box, including the handling and environ-ment it will encounter. Many packaging regulations includedetailed descriptions of the materials that may be used andstyle, closure, or other construction details of allowed shippingcontainers. These regulations are presented as mini
7、mum re-quirements; they may be exceeded for functional reasons, butthere is no regulatory reason to do so. Rail and motor freightclassifications applicable for surface common carrier transpor-tation have established minimum requirements for certainattributes of corrugated packaging. These may or may
8、 not beappropriate for application in the complete distribution system,as they encompass only containerboard or combined corru-gated boardnot finished boxesand are not intended toprovide for the distribution system beyond the transportationsegment.1.3 Corrugated containers for packaging of hazardous
9、 ma-terials for transportation must comply with federal regulationsadministered by the U.S. Department of Transportation (Codeof Federal Regulations, CFR 49).1.4 Lists and Descriptions of Performance and MaterialCharacteristics and Related Test ProceduresFor furtherinformation on the development of
10、performance-based speci-fications, please refer to the sections on Specifications and TestProcedures of the Fibre Box Handbook.1.5 The values stated in both SI and inch-pound units are tobe regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theinch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated
11、 ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and
12、 health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related ProductD642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resis-tance of S
13、hipping Containers, Components, and UnitLoadsD685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD5118/D5118M Practice for Fabrication of FiberboardShip
14、ping BoxesD5168 Practice for Fabrication and Closure of Triple-WallCorrugated Fiberboard ContainersD5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers byFree FallE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or Process1This
15、practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on Paper and PaperboardProducts.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D5639/D563
16、9 05.DOI: 10.1520/D5639_D5639M-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Internation
17、al, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.2 TAPPI Methods:T411 Thickness of Paper, Paperboard, and CombinedBoard3T 803 Puncture Test of Corrugated Fiberboard3T 808 Flat Crush Test of Corrugated Fiberboard-FlexibleBeam Method3T 810 Burst Test of Corruga
18、ted Fiberboard3T811 Edgewise Crush Test of Corrugated Fiberboard3T 825 Flat Crush Test of Corrugated Fiberboard-FixedPlaten Method32.3 Government Documents:CFR 49 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 4942.4 Other Publications:Fibre Box Handbook5Item 222 National Motor Freight Classification6Rule 41 Un
19、iform Freight Classification73. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor general definitions of packaging anddistribution environments, see Terminology D996.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice assists users in selecting appropriate per-formance characteristics of corrugated fiberboard or box con-struction
20、, or both, commensurate with the users need forpacking and distribution of goods. This practice describesseveral attributes of fiberboard and boxes which relate tovarious hazards encountered in distribution and describes testparameters which may be specified by the user to ensuresufficient strength
21、in the box for containment, storage, han-dling, and protection of contents.4.2 The user should specify only those attributes and relatedtests which are required for satisfactory performance in theusers operations and distribution cycle(s). When using pack-aging regulations as a basis for developing
22、specifications, thereason for the existence of the regulation and its function andimportance should be understood. As previously stated, regu-lations may be exceeded and should be when the minimumspecifications are inadequate for the full effects of the distri-bution cycle.4.3 See Appendix X7 for se
23、veral examples of specificationdeterminations.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of a sampling plan depends on the purpose ofthe testing. The sampling plan from Appendix X2.2.2 ofPractice D585 is recommended for acceptance criteria. Anexample of acceptance and rejection criteria based on variouslot sizes may
24、be found in Appendix X1. For purposes of otherthan acceptance criteria, use Practice E122.6. Conditioning6.1 All test specimens shall be preconditioned, conditioned,and tested in accordance with Practice D685.7. Fiberboard Attributes7.1 Corrugated fiberboard is commercially available in threewall co
25、nstructions, and four common flute structures. The usershould specify desired wall construction and flute structurebased on performance requirements.7.1.1 ConstructionSinglewall board is used for lightercontents where some structural rigidity, compression strength,puncture resistance, and cushioning
26、 is needed. Doublewallboard is used for heavier contents requiring a greater degree ofstructural rigidity, compression strength, and puncture resis-tance. Triplewall is used for the heaviest contents wheremaximum structural rigidity, compression strength, and punc-ture resistance are required.7.1.2
27、Flute Structure“A” flute offers the highest top-to-bottom compression strength, but low resistance to flat crush.“B” flute has high flat crush resistance but lower top-to-bottomcompression than “A” or “C”. “C” flute is the most commonwith average resistance to flat crush and top-to-bottom com-pressi
28、on. “E” flute generally replaces solid boxboard, hasexcellent flat crush resistance, is used mostly for graphics andconsumer products, but seldom used for shipping containers.The following typical flute structures are provided as areference:Approximate Number Approximate Flute Height(not including t
29、hicknessof facings)Flutes/Meter Flutes/Foot mm in.A-Flute 100 to 120 30 to 36 4.67 0.184B-Flute 145 to 165 44 to 50 2.46 0.097C-Flute 120 to 140 36 to 42 3.61 0.142E-Flute 280 to 310 86 to 94 1.19 0.0477.2 Burst StrengthThis attribute relates to the tensilestrength and stretch elongation of the fibe
30、rboard. It alsoprovides rupture strength as protection against rough handling.7.2.1 Burst Strength is measured by the burst (Mullen) testutilizing TAPPI Method T 810.7.2.2 There is no direct relationship, such as a formula, torelate box handling performance to needed burst strength.However, as a fun
31、ction of box size and weight of the filledpackage, minimum burst strength requirements for corrugatedpackaging used in surface common carrier transportation arepublished in the rail and truck classifications and are shown inTable X2.1. These requirements may or may not be appropriatefor the users ap
32、plications.7.3 Puncture ResistanceThis attribute relates to the abilityof the fiberboard to resist both internal and external forces. Italso relates to the rough handling integrity of the finishedcontainer.7.3.1 Puncture resistance is measured by the puncture testutilizing TAPPI Method T 803.7.3.2 T
33、here is no direct relationship, such as a formula, topredict rough handling performance of a box based on the3Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Offi
34、ce Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5Available from the Fibre BoxAssociation, 25 Northwest Point Blvd., Suite 510,Elk Grove Village, IL 60007.6Available from American Trucking Association, Inc., 2200 Mill Rd., Alexan-d
35、ria, VA 22314-4677.7Available from National Railroad Freight Committee, Tariff Publishing Officer,151 Ellis Street, NE, Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30335.D5639/D5639M 092puncture resistance of the fiberboard from which it is made.Shippers and carriers, however, have used various puncturegrades successful
36、ly for years as noted in Appendix X3. TableX3.1 lists suggested puncture strengths versus maximum grossweights and size. These requirements may or may not beappropriate for the users application.7.4 Edgewise Crush ResistanceThis attribute of fiber-board relates directly to the finished box compressi
37、on strengththrough the well-known simplified formula published in 1963by the Institute of Paper Chemistry (now the Institute of PaperScience and Technology, or IPST) and commonly known as theMcKee Formula. Other versions of the McKee Formula utilizethe exponent values of box perimeter and board thic
38、knessinstead of the square root function, or bending stiffness insteadof board thickness, and the resultant box compression will beabout 5 % less compared to the simplified square root method.7.4.1 The simplified McKee Formula is:BCT 5 5.87! 3 ECT! 3 =BP! 3 T! (1)where:BCT = estimated average top to
39、 bottom compression teststrength of an RSC box, kN lbf,ECT = edge crush test, kN/m lb/in.,BP = inside box perimeter (sum of twice inside lengthand twice inside width), m in., andT = combined board thickness, m in.When solving for ECT using this formula, rearrange asfollows:Estimated average ECT 5Req
40、uired BCT5.87 3 =BP 3 T(2)See Appendix X4 for example and limitations of formulause.7.4.2 The exponent version of the McKee formula is:BCT 5 5.874 3 ECT 3 Caliper0.5083 Perimeter0.492(3)where the terms are the same as for the simplified version(Caliper is another term for combined board thickness).7
41、.4.3 Edgewise crush resistance is measured by the edge-wise crush test (ECT) utilizing TAPPI Method T811.7.4.4 Although, as shown in 7.4.1, ECT directly relates tofinished box compression strength, the rail and truck classifi-cations have minimum ECT requirements as an alternate tominimum burst stre
42、ngth requirements as shown in Table X4.1.These requirements may or may not be appropriate for theusers application.7.4.5 Recent research calls into question the accuracy ofperforming edge crush testing on E flute fiberboard.7.5 Minimum Uncombined Flute HeightThe overallthickness (caliper) of corruga
43、ted fiberboard is an importantmaterial attribute relating directly to finished box compressionstrength. Since thickness consists primarily of the flute struc-tures, minimum flute heights may be specified, not includingany linerboards (facings).7.5.1 To determine minimum flute heights, use the corru-
44、gated fiberboard manufacturers target flute heights, minus4%.7.5.2 Test MethodFirst measure the thickness of thecombined board structure using TAPPI Test Method T411.Then measure the thickness of each facing (linerboard), with-out soaking apart, and subtract the thickness of the facings toobtain flu
45、te structure(s) height. All readings must be taken atleast 25 mm 1 in. from any score line, cut edge, or printedarea.7.6 Flat Crush ResistanceThis attribute is an indication ofthe rigidity of the flute structure which is in turn directly relatedto the finished box compression, printing crush resista
46、nce, andquality of fabrication practice.7.6.1 Combined singlewall fiberboard should meet the fol-lowing minimum flat crush requirements:Flute Flexible Beam Method, kPa lbf/in.2ABC130 19200 29165 247.6.2 Flat crush resistance is measured by the flat crush test(FCT). The above values are measured by u
47、sing the flexiblebeam test method of TAPPI T 808. An alternate methodutilizing the fixed beam,TAPPIT 825, is also available but willproduce values about 20 to 30 % higher.7.7 Printing CrushExcessive printing crush of fiberboardwill reduce compression strength of the finished box andadversely affect
48、automatic packing equipment and warehousestacking.7.7.1 The following are suggested maximum crush deforma-tions for singlewall boards:Oil-Based Inks, mm in. Water-Based Inks, mm in.A-fluteB-fluteC-flute0.38 0.0150.28 0.0110.33 0.0130.20 0.0080.15 0.0060.18 0.0077.7.2 For doublewall boards used 75 %
49、of the combinationof flute structure allowances, for triplewall use 50 % (that is,AAA-flute has maximum allowable crush of 0.30 mm 0.012in. for water-based inks).7.7.3 Test MethodUsing TAPPI Test Method T411mea-sure the board sample at least 25 mm 1 in. from any scoreline, cut edge, or printed area. Then measure it in the printedarea and subtract from the first reading to determine amount ofcrush deformation.8. Finished Container Attributes8.1 Box StyleA wide variety of box styles are available tothe
