1、Designation: D 5679 95a (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forSampling Consolidated Solids in Drums or SimilarContainers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5679; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods forcollecting samples of consolidated solids in drums or
3、 similarcontainers. These methods are adapted specifically for sam-pling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less.These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product,or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirementsshould be described in the site-specific work plan.
4、1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to estab
5、lish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeC 783 Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite ElectrodesD 4547 Guide for Samp
6、ling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Manag
7、ement Activities: Quality Assur-ance and Quality Control Planning and Implementation2.2 NSC Document:Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations,198532.3 Government Documents:4Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites,EPA/600/2-86/013, January 1986Occupational Safety and Health Guida
8、nce Manual forHazardous Waste Site Activities, National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), OccupationalSafety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. CoastGuard (USCG), and U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), October 19853. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bondingtouching the
9、 sampling equipment to thedrum to form an electrically conductive path to minimizepotential electrical differences between the sampling equip-ment and the drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity.3.1.2 bungusually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or34-in. (1.3-cm)diameter threaded plug designed specifically
10、 to close a bunghole.3.1.3 bung holean opening in a barrel or drum throughwhich it can be filled, emptied, or vented.3.1.4 consolidatedthe characteristic of being cemented orcompacted, or both, and not separated easily into smallerparticles.3.1.5 deheadingremoval of the lid of a closed-head drum;usu
11、ally accomplished with a drum deheader.3.1.6 drumimplies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-tainer of 5 to 110 U.S. gal (19 to 416 L) capacity.3.1.7 paila small container, usually with a capacity of 5U.S. gal (19 L). Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or theentire lid can be removed.3.1.8 paperwor
12、kall required site documentation, whichmay include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety datasheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, custody seals, andchain of custody forms.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility
13、of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSampling Techniques.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published October 2006. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 5679 95a (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
14、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Safety Council, P.O. Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143-0558.4Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washingt
15、on, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.9 work plana plan, specific to a particular site, forconducting activities specified in the plan.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The drum and its contents are inspected, and
16、appropriatesampling equipment is selected. A clean device is then used toauger, chisel, chip, or core into the consolidated solid materialto be sampled. The sample is collected and placed in a samplecontainer. The sampling device is then cleaned and decontami-nated or disposed of.5. Significance and
17、 Use5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples ofconsolidated or compacted materials from drums or similarcontainers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, orcompromised otherwise. Special handling procedures (forexample, remote drum opening, overpressurized drum open-ing, dr
18、um deheading, etc.) are described in Drum HandlingPractices at Hazardous Waste Sites.6. Interferences6.1 The condition of the materials to be sampled and thecondition and accessibility of the drums will have a significantimpact on the selection of sampling equipment.7. Pre-Sampling7.1 General Princi
19、ples and Precautions:7.1.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with anappropriate work plan (Practice D 5283 and Guide D 4687).This plan must include a worker health and safety sectionbecause there are potential hazards associated with openingdrums as well as potentially hazardous contents. Se
20、e Occupa-tional Safety and Health Guidance Manual for HazardousWaste Site Activities for information on health and safety athazardous waste sites.7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be applied to theconditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specifyrigid rules describing the exact ma
21、nner of sample collectionbecause of unknowns associated with each solid samplingsituation. It is essential that the samples be collected by atrained and experienced sampler because the various condi-tions under which drummed solids must be sampled.7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence s
22、tate-ments concerning the properties of a sampled lot, the samplingprocedure must allow for some element of randomness inselection because of the possible variations in the material. Thesampler should always be on the alert for possible biasesarising from the use of a particular sampling device or f
23、romunexpected segregation within the material.7.1.4 All augering, chipping, or flaking sampling methodsmay fail a prime sampling requirement: that of randomselection of sample fractions. Particles on the bottom or alongthe sides of the drum may consequently never have anopportunity to be included in
24、 a sample. Sample particles shouldbe selected by techniques that will minimize variation inmeasured characteristics between the available fractions andthe resulting sample (Practice C 702).7.1.5 The sampling equipment, sample preparation equip-ment, sample containers, etc. must be clean, dry, and in
25、ert tothe material being sampled. All equipment, including samplecontainers, must be inspected before use to ensure that they areclear of obvious dirt and contamination and in good workingcondition. Visible contamination must be removed, and theequipment must be decontaminated with the appropriate r
26、insematerials. Decontaminated sampling equipment should beprotected from contamination. This may include, but not belimited to, storage in aluminum foil, plastic bags, polytetrafluo-roethylene (PTFE) film, or other means of protection that willnot impact the sample quality or intended analysis.7.2 B
27、asic Pre-Sampling Practices:7.2.1 Review all paperwork.7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containersappropriate for the material in the drum, as detailed in the workplan.7.2.3 Enter the work zone.7.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note anyabnormal conditions, including rust
28、marks, stains, bulges, orother signs of pressurization or leaks that may require specialhandling. The work plan should define clearly the limitingconditions under which special handling procedures shall beinitiated. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous WasteSites for information on opening overp
29、ressurized drums andthe use of remotely operated drum opening equipment.7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated workarea if they cannot be sampled in their current location. SeeDrum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for furtherinformation on staging drums.7.2.5.1 Move the drums
30、 to upright stable positions if nec-essary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums to preventmovement hazards.7.2.5.2 Number or identify uniquely all drums to besampled.7.2.6 Perform a detailed inspection of individual drums.7.2.6.1 Record all relevant information from the drumlabels, markings
31、, data sheets, etc. in the field log book or onforms specified in the work plan.7.2.6.2 Make sure there are no discrepancies with existingpaperwork.7.2.7 Slowly loosen the ring that secures the lid or loosenthe bung, allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.7.2.7.1 Precautionary Notes:(1) If the
32、drum or pail appears to be under positive ornegative pressure (that is, a slight lid bulge or dimple), controlthe release of pressure until it has equalized. For example, ifthe drum or pail is equipped with bungs, loosen the smallerbung first since doing so will make it easier to control therelease
33、of pressure.(2) If the tope of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), itmay “pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the samplerwith any material that is sitting on top of the drum.(3) If there is evidence of a chemical reaction or suddenpressure buildup, the sampler should leave the area immedi-ately
34、 and evaluate whether remote drum opening equipmentshould be used.(4) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum andsampling equipment should be grounded if the generation ofstatic electricity while opening or sampling the drum is aD 5679 95a (2006)2possibility. The drum and sampling equipment s
35、hould begrounded to a ground stake or to an existing ground (buildingground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New sampling equipmentmay have some residual static electrical charge due to thematerials in which they are packed and shipped. The work planshould specify whether grounding is necessary. See Ac
36、cidentPrevention Manual for Industrial Operations for informationon grounding and bonding.7.2.7.2 Drums should be opened, sampled, and closedindividually to minimize the risk of exposure.7.2.7.3 Drums (or Pails) with BungsLoosen the largebung slowly. Use non-sparking tools.7.2.7.4 Drums with Removab
37、le LidsLoosen the ringslowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Usenon-sparking tools.7.2.7.5 Pails with Removable Lids (Side-Lever LockRing)Release the lever slowly.7.2.7.6 Pails with Removable Lids (Snap-On)Pry the lidloose slowly with a pail lid opener.7.2.8 Manual or remote puncturing or
38、 deheading will berequired if the drum (or pail) has a stuck bung or the lid cannotbe removed. See Drum Handling Practices at HazardousWaste Sites for further information on manual or remote drumopening.7.2.9 Any discrepancy discovered (such as evidence of freeliquid) upon opening the drum should be
39、 recorded in the fieldlog book.7.3 Sampling EquipmentSelection:7.3.1 Table 1 summarizes selection criteria for equipmentby the material to be sampled.7.3.2 Sampling Equipment, Materials of ConstructionSampling devices will usually be made of stainless steel, brass,aluminum, or plastic. Devices using
40、 permanent coatings orliners (such as PTFE) may be subject to abrasion, leading tocontamination of the sample.7.3.3 Generic Equipment ListA general list of equipmentused for sampling consolidated solids follows:7.3.3.1 Scoop.7.3.3.2 Rotating corer.7.3.3.3 Thin-wall tube sampler.7.3.3.4 Chipper.7.3.3
41、.5 Hammer and chisel.7.3.3.6 Auger.7.3.3.7 Pry bars.7.3.3.8 Wipes or cloths, or both.7.3.3.9 Spatula.7.3.3.10 Sample containers, lids, and liners.7.3.3.11 Sample labels.7.3.3.12 Chain of custody forms.7.3.3.13 Field log books.7.3.3.14 Sample cooler.7.3.3.15 Ice or gel ice.7.3.3.16 Grounding cables w
42、ith alligator clips and emerycloth.7.3.3.17 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible gasindicator, organic vapor detector, radiation survey meter, etc.).7.3.4 Equipment needed to open drums should be non-sparking (brass or beryllium copper) and include, but not belimited to, the following:7.3.4.1
43、Bung wrenches (one straight and one bent),7.3.4.2 Flathead screwdriver,7.3.4.3 Breaker bar (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.4 Ratchet (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.5 Speed handle (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.6 Adjustable wrenches (10 and 12 in. (25 and 30 cm).7.3.4.7 Air impact wrench and sockets, and7.3.4.8 Pail lid open
44、er.8. Sample Collection8.1 Basic Sampling Practices:8.1.1 Bond the sampling equipment to the drum, if specifiedin the work plan.8.1.2 Note the physical characteristics, including any dis-crepancies (such as free liquid).8.1.3 Collect the required number of samples from thedrum.8.1.3.1 See Practice D
45、 4547 for the collection of samples forvolatile analysis.8.1.4 Place the collected material in a sample container.8.1.5 Close the sample container.8.1.6 Wipe the outside of the sample container. Dispose ofthe wipe cloth properly.8.1.7 Record in the field log book all relevant conditionsassociated wi
46、th the collection of each sample.8.1.8 Fill out all required paperwork for each sample, asrequired by the work plan.8.1.9 Complete and attach the label to the side of the samplecontainer before or after sampling, as directed by the workplan. The sample label should include the following:(1) Sample I
47、D number,(2) Name of sampler,(3) Samplers initials or signature,(4) Date and time of sampling, and(5) Sampling location.8.1.9.1 The sample label can also include the following:(1) Sampling information (for example, grab, composite,etc.),(2) Preservative and preservation required,(3) Special instruct
48、ions, and(4) Analysis request.8.2 Sampling Using a Rotating CorerThe rotating corercan be as simple as a cylinder attached to an electric drill withthe crown modified for cutting (see Fig. 1 and Practice C 783)or as complex as a double metal tube fitted onto a diamond-impregnated coring bit, mounted
49、 on a portable stand. Thedouble metal tube corer mounted on a portable stand has theTABLE 1 Selection Criteria for EquipmentEquipmentASTMStandardVisuallyHomogeneousHeterogeneousAuger D 4700 XAXChipper, hammer, and chisel . X XRotating corer C 783 XXThin-walled tube D 4700 NB.CAX = equipment usually may be used with this type of waste.BN = not equipment of choice but may be used (for example, a clay-likematerial).CEquipment is probably not suitable.D 5679 95a (2006)3capability of collecting a full-depth core of the drum contents.This procedure describes the
