1、Designation: D 5680 95a (Reapproved 2001)Standard Practice forSampling Unconsolidated Solids in Drums or SimilarContainers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5680; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods forcollecting samples of unconsolidated solids in drum
3、s or similarcontainers. These methods are adapted specifically for sam-pling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less.These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product,or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirementsshould be described in the site-specific work p
4、lan.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to e
5、stablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeD 4547 Practice for Sampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganicsD 4687
6、Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 5088 Practice for the Decontamination of Field Equip-ment Used at Non-Radioactive Waste SitesD 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-ance
7、 and Quality Control PlanningD 5451 Practice for Sampling with a Trier SamplerE 300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsD 5633 Practice for Sampling With a Scoop2.2 NSC Document:Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations,199232.3 Government Documents:4Drum Handling Practices at Hazar
8、dous Waste Sites, EPA/600/2-86/013, January 1986Soil Sampling and Analysis for Volatile Compounds, EPA/540/4-91/001, February 1991Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual forHazardous Waste Site Activities, National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), OccupationalSafety and He
9、alth Administration (OSHA), U.S. CoastGuard (USCG), and U.S Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), October 19853. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bondingtouching the sample equipment to the drumto form an electrically conductive path to minimize potentialelectrical differences between the sampling e
10、quipment and thedrum, reducing the buildup of static electricity.3.1.2 bungusually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or34-in. (1.3-cm)diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a bunghole.3.1.3 bung holean opening in a barrel or drum throughwhich it can be filled, emptied, or vented.3.1.4 deheadingremoval
11、 of the lid of a closed-head drum;usually accomplished with a drum deheader.3.1.5 drumimplies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-tainer of 5 to 110 U.S gal (19 to 416 L) capacity.3.1.6 paila small container, usually with a capacity of 5U.S gal. Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or the entire lidc
12、an be removed.3.1.7 paperworkall required site documentation, whichmay include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety datasheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, custody seals, andchain of custody forms.3.1.8 unconsolidatedfor solid material, the characteristicof being uncemented or uncomp
13、acted, or both, and separatedeasily into smaller particles.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSampling Techniques.Current edition approved June 15, 1995. Published August 1995. Originallypubli
14、shed as D 5680 95. Last previous edition D 5680 95.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available
15、 from National Safety Council, P.O. Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143-0558.4Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.9 work plan
16、a plan specific to a particular site; forconducting activities specified in the plan.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The drum and its contents are inspected, and appropriatesampling equipment is selected. A clean sampling device isthen used to auger, scoop, or core into the unconsolidated solidmaterial to
17、 be sampled. The sample is collected and placed ina sample container. The sampling device is then either disposedof or cleaned and decontaminated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples ofunconsolidated solid materials from drums or similar contain-ers, inc
18、luding those that are unstable, ruptured, or compro-mised otherwise. Special handling procedures (for example,remote drum opening, overpressurized drum opening, drumdeheading, etc.) are described in Drum Handling Practices atHazardous Waste Sites.6. Interferences6.1 The condition of the materials to
19、 be sampled and thecondition and accessibility of the drums will have a significantimpact on the selection of sampling equipment.7. Pre-Sampling7.1 General Principles and Precautions:7.1.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with anappropriate work plan (Practice D 5283 and Guide D 4687).This
20、plan must include a worker health and safety sectionbecause there are potential hazards associated with openingdrums as well as potentially hazardous contents. See Occupa-tional Safety and Health Guidance Manual for HazardousWaste Site Activities for information on health and safety athazardous wast
21、e sites.7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be applied to theconditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specifyrigid rules describing the exact manner of sample collectionbecause of unknowns associated with each solid samplingsituation. It is essential that the samples be collected b
22、y atrained and experienced sampler because of the various con-ditions under which drummed solids must be sampled.7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence state-ments concerning the properties of a sampled lot, the samplingprocedure must allow for some element of randomness inselection beca
23、use of the possible variations in the material. Thesampler should always be on the alert for possible biasesarising from the use of a particular sampling device or fromunexpected segregation within the material.7.1.4 All auger, trier, thief, and scoop methods may fail aprime sampling requirement: th
24、at of random selection ofsample fractions. Scoops are limited to use at or near the topsurface. Augers, triers, and thiefs are normally inserted in apresent pattern. Particles on the bottom or along the sides of thedrum may consequently never have an opportunity to beincluded in a sample. Sample par
25、ticles should be selected bytechniques that will minimize variation in measured character-istics between the available fractions and the resulting sample(Practice C 702).7.1.5 The sampling equipment, sample preparation equip-ment, sample containers, etc. must be clean, dry, and inert tothe material
26、being sampled. All equipment, including samplecontainers, shall be inspected before use to ensure that they areclear of obvious dirt and contamination and are in goodworking condition. Visible contamination shall be removed,and the equipment shall be decontaminated with the appropri-ate rinse materi
27、als. Decontaminated sampling equipmentshould be protected from contamination. This may include, butnot be limited to, storage in aluminum foil, plastic bags,polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, or other means of protec-tion that will not impact the sample quality of intendedanalysis.7.2 Basic Pre-Sa
28、mpling Practices:7.2.1 Review all paperwork.7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containersappropriate for the material in the drum, as detailed in the workplan.7.2.3 Enter the work zone.7.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note anyabnormal conditions, including rust marks, stai
29、ns, bulges, orother signs of pressurization or leaks that may require specialhandling. The work plan should define clearly the limitingcondition under which special handling procedures shall beinitiated. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous WasteSites for information on opening overpressurized d
30、rums andthe use of remotely operated drum opening equipment.7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated workarea if they cannot be sampled in their current location. SeeDrum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for furtherinformation on staging turns.7.2.5.1 Move the drums to upright,
31、 stable positions ifnecessary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums toprevent movement hazards.7.2.5.2 Number or identify uniquely all drums to besampled.7.2.6 Perform a detailed inspection of individual drums.7.2.6.1 Record all relevant information from drum labels,markings, data sheets, et
32、c. in the field log book or on formsspecified in the work plan.7.2.6.2 Make sure there are no discrepancies with existingpaperwork.7.2.7 Slowly loosen the ring that secures the lid, or loosenthe bung allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.7.2.7.1 Precautionary Notes:(1) If the drum or pail appe
33、ars to be under positive ornegative pressure (that is, a slight bulge or dimple in the lid),control the release of pressure until it has equalized. Forexample, if the drum or pail is equipped with bungs, loosen thesmaller bung first since doing so will make it easier to controlthe release of pressur
34、e.(2) If the top of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), itmay “pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the samplerwith any material that is sitting on top of the drum.(3) If there is evidence of a chemical reaction or suddenpressure buildup, the sampler should leave the area immedi-ately and evalua
35、te whether remote drum opening equipmentshould be used.D 5680 95a (2001)2(4) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum andsampling equipment should be grounded if the generation ofstatic electricity while opening or sampling the drum is apossibility. The drum and sampling equipment should begro
36、unded to a ground stake or to an existing ground (buildingground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New sampling equipmentmay have some residual static electrical charge due to thematerials in which they are packed and shipped. The work planshould specify whether grounding is necessary. See AccidentPreve
37、ntion Manual for Industrial Operations for informationon grounding and bonding.7.2.7.2 Drums should be opened, sampled, and closedindividually to minimize the risk of exposure.7.2.7.3 Drums (or Pails) with BungsLoosen the largebung slowly. Use non-sparking tools.7.2.7.4 Drums with Removable LidsLoos
38、en the ringslowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Usenon-sparking tools.7.2.7.5 Pails with Removable Lids (Side-Lever LockRing)Release the lever slowly.7.2.7.6 Pails with Removable Lids (Snap-On)Pry the lidloose slowly with a pail lid opener.7.2.8 Manual or remote puncturing or deheading
39、will berequired if the drum (or pail) has a stuck bung or the lid cannotbe removed. See Drum Handling Practices at HazardousWaste Sites for further information on manual or remote drumopening.7.2.9 Any discrepancy discovered (such as evidence of freeliquid) upon opening the drum should be recorded i
40、n the fieldlog book.7.3 Sampling EquipmentSelection:7.3.1 Table 1 summarizes selection criteria for equipmentby the material to be sampled.7.3.2 Sampling Equipment, Materials of ConstructionSampling devices will usually be made of stainless steel, brass,or aluminum. Devices using permanent coatings
41、or liners (suchas PTFE) may be subject to abrasion, leading to contaminationof the sample.7.3.3 Generic Equipment ListA general list of equipmentused for sampling unconsolidated solids follows:7.3.3.1 Scoop.7.3.3.2 Trier.7.3.3.3 Auger.7.3.3.4 Concentric tube thief (single slot, multi-slot, grainprob
42、e, and missouri trier).7.3.3.5 Thin-walled tube.7.3.3.6 Scissors.7.3.3.7 Tongs.7.3.3.8 Hammer and chisel.7.3.3.9 Cloths or wipes, or both.7.3.3.10 Spatula.7.3.3.11 Sample containers, lids, and liners.7.3.3.12 Chain of custody forms.7.3.3.13 Field log books.7.3.3.14 Sample labels.7.3.3.15 Sample cool
43、er.7.3.3.16 Ice or gel ice.7.3.3.17 Grounding cables with alligator clips and emerycloth.7.3.3.18 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible gasindicator, organic vapor detectors, radiation survey meter, etc.).7.3.4 Equipment needed to open drums should be non-sparking (brass or beryllium copper) an
44、d include, but not belimited to, the following:7.3.4.1 Bung wrenches (one straight and one bent),7.3.4.2 Flatblade screwdriver,7.3.4.3 Breaker bar (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.4 Ratchet (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.5 Speed handle (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.6 Adjustable wrenches (10 and 12 in. (25 and 30 cm),7.3.4.7
45、 Air impact wrench and sockets, and7.3.4.8 Pail lid opener.8. Sample Collection8.1 Basic Sampling Practices:8.1.1 Bond the sampling equipment to the drum, if specifiedin the work plan.8.1.2 Note the physical characteristics, including any dis-crepancies (such as free liquid).8.1.3 Collect the requir
46、ed number of samples from thedrum.8.1.3.1 See Practice D 4547 and Soil Sampling and Analysisfor Volatile Compounds for the collection of samples forvolatile analysis.8.1.4 Place the collected material in a sample container.8.1.5 Close the sample container.8.1.6 Wipe the outside of the sample contain
47、er. Dispose ofthe wipe cloth properly.8.1.7 Record in the field log book all relevant conditions andphysical characteristics associated with the collection of eachsample.8.1.8 Fill out all required paperwork for each sample, asrequired by the work plan.8.1.9 Complete and attach the label to the side
48、 of the samplecontainer before or after sampling, as directed by the workplan. The sample label should include the following:(1) Sample ID number,(2) Name of sampler,(3) Samplers initials or signature,(4) Date and time of sampling, and(5) Sample location.8.1.9.1 The sample label can also include the
49、 following:(1) Sampling information (for example, grab, composite,etc.),TABLE 1 Selection Criteria for EquipmentEquipmentASTMStandardCohesiveSolidSheet, Cloth,or ChunkMaterialDryFlowableSolidsMoistFlowableSolidsScoop D 5633 XAXXXAuger D 4700 X .B. .Trier D 5451 X . . XThin-walled tube D 4700 . XCXCHammer and chisel NDN . .Scissors and tongs . X . .Concentric tube thief E 300 . . X .AX = equipment may be used with this type of waste.BEquipment is probably unsuitable.CSampling equipment with retaining device.DN = not equipment of choice, but may be used.D 568
