1、Designation: D5680 10Standard Practice forSampling Unconsolidated Solids in Drums or SimilarContainers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5680; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods forcollecting samples of unconsolidated solids in drums or similarcontainers
3、. These methods are adapted specifically for sam-pling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less.These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product,or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirementsshould be described in the site-specific work plan.1.2 The values sta
4、ted in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its us
5、e. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Test-ing SizeD4547 Guide
6、 for Sampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD6009 Guide for Sampling Waste PilesD6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Managementof Waste and Contaminated MediaD6051 Guide for Comp
7、osite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD6063 Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Contain-ers by Field PersonnelD6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Selection andOptimization of Sampling DesignD6323 G
8、uide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Re-lated to Waste Management ActivitiesD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assuranceand Quality Control Planning and Imple
9、mentationD5451 Practice for Sampling Using a Trier SamplerE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsD5633 Practice for Sampling with a Scoop2.2 NSC Document:Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations,199232.3 Government Documents:4EPA/600/2-86/013 Drum Handling Practices at HazardousW
10、aste Sites, , January 1986EPA/540/4-91/001 Soil Sampling and Analysis for VolatileCompounds, , February 1991Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Haz-ardous Waste Site Activities, National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Occupational Safetyand Health Administratio
11、n (OSHA), U.S. Coast Guard(USCG), and U.S Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), October 19853. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bondingtouching the sample equipment to the drumto form an electrically conductive path to minimize potentialelectrical differences between the sampling equipment and thedr
12、um, reducing the buildup of static electricity.3.1.2 bungusually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or34-in. (1.3-cm)diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a bunghole.3.1.3 bung holean opening in a barrel or drum throughwhich it can be filled, emptied, or vented.1This practice is under the jurisdiction
13、 of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSampling Techniques.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D5680 95a(2001).DOI: 10.1520/D5680-10.2For
14、referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Safety Council, P.O. Box 558, Itasca, IL
15、60143-0558.4Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.4 deheadingremoval of the lid of a closed-head drum;usually accompl
16、ished with a drum deheader.3.1.5 druma cylindrical non-bulk container of 5 to 110U.S gal (19 to 416 L) capacity.3.1.6 paila small container, usually with a capacity of 5U.S gal. Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or the entire lidcan be removed.3.1.7 paperworkall required site documentation, whic
17、hmay include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety datasheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, custody seals, andchain of custody forms.3.1.8 unconsolidatedfor solid material, the characteristicof being uncemented or uncompacted, or both, and separatedeasily into smaller particles.3.1.9 w
18、ork plana plan specific to a particular site; forconducting activities specified in the plan.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The drum and its contents are inspected, and appropriatesampling equipment is selected. A clean sampling device isthen used to auger, shovel, scoop, or core into the unconsoli-dated
19、 solid material to be sampled. The sample is collected andplaced in a sample container. After use the sampling device isthen either disposed of or cleaned and decontaminated beforere-use.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples ofunconsolidated solid materia
20、ls from drums or similar contain-ers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, or compro-mised otherwise. Special handling procedures (for example,remote drum opening, over pressurized drum opening, drumdeheading, etc.) are described in EPA/600/2-86/013 DrumHandling Practices at Hazardous Waste
21、Sites.6. Interferences6.1 The condition of the materials to be sampled and thecondition and accessibility of the drums will have a significantimpact on the selection of sampling equipment and techniquesused to recover representative samples.7. Pre-Sampling7.1 General Principles and Precautions:7.1.1
22、 Samples should be collected in accordance with anappropriate work plan (Practice D5283, and Guides D4687,D6044, D6051, D6063, and D6311). This plan must include aworker health and safety section because there are potentialhazards associated with opening drums as well as potentiallyhazardous content
23、s. See Occupational Safety and Health Guid-ance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities for informa-tion on health and safety at hazardous waste sites.7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be applied to theconditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specifyrigid rules describing the
24、exact manner of sample collectionbecause of unknowns associated with each solid samplingsituation. It is essential that the samples be collected by atrained and experienced sampler because of the various con-ditions under which drummed solids must be sampled.7.1.3 To be able to make probability or c
25、onfidence state-ments concerning the properties of a sampled lot, the samplingprocedure must allow for some element of randomness inselection because of the possible variations in the material. Thesampler should always be on the alert for possible biasesarising from the use of a particular sampling
26、device or fromunexpected segregation within the material.7.1.4 All auger, trier, thief, shovel and scoop methods mayfail a prime sampling requirement: that of random selection ofsample fractions. Scoops and shovels are limited to use at ornear the top surface. Augers, triers, and thiefs are normally
27、inserted in a preset pattern. Particles on the bottom or along thesides of the drum may consequently never have an opportunityto be included in a sample. Sample particles should be selectedby techniques that will minimize variation in measured char-acteristics between the available fractions and the
28、 resultingsample (Practice C702). Many of these disadvantages may beeliminated if the drum contents can be emptied onto a protectedflat surface, allowing representative sampling of the disturbedpile using techniques described in Guides D6009 and D6323.7.1.5 The “Alternate Shovelling Technique” may b
29、e consid-ered for representative sampling of the unconsolidated contentsof drums or similar containers. If the investigation objectivesrequire statistically representative data to define the averageproperties of drummed contents, the sampling technique usedshould ensure that every particle size and
30、type is available forsampling. In the case of an open headed drum of unconsoli-dated solid materials, the materials from the drum should beremoved completely using a scoop or shovel, counting thenumber of scoop or shovel fulls required to do so. Materialfrom the drum should be placed either on plast
31、ic sheeting orinto another comparably sized clean drum. Based on the totalnumber of scoop or shovel fulls removed, various scoop/shovels should be selected systematically or randomly tosample as the material is being returned to the originalcontainer. These sample portions/aliquots from the scoops o
32、rshovels, corresponding to the systematic or random numbers,should be placed into the sample container. The number ofportions/aliquots needed is a function of the container size,particle size and sample size.7.1.6 The sampling equipment, sample preparation equip-ment, sample containers, etc. must be
33、 clean, dry, and inert tothe material being sampled. All equipment shall be inspectedbefore use to ensure that they are clear of obvious dirt andcontamination and are in good working condition. Visiblecontamination shall be removed, and the equipment shall bedecontaminated with the appropriate rinse
34、 materials. Decon-taminated sampling equipment should be protected from con-tamination. This may include, but not be limited to, storage inaluminum foil, plastic bags, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)film, or other means of protection that will not impact thesample quality of intended analysis.7.2 Bas
35、ic Pre-Sampling Practices:7.2.1 Review all paperwork.7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containersappropriate for the material in the drum, as detailed in the workplan.7.2.3 Enter the work zone.D5680 1027.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note anyabnormal conditions, includin
36、g rust marks, stains, bulges, orother signs of pressurization or leaks that may require specialhandling. The work plan should define clearly the limitingcondition under which special handling procedures shall beinitiated. See EPA/600/2-86/013 Drum Handling Practices atHazardous Waste Sites for infor
37、mation on opening overpres-surized drums and the use of remotely operated drum openingequipment.7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated workarea if they cannot be sampled in their current location. SeeEPA/600/2-86/013 Drum Handling Practices at HazardousWaste Sites for further informatio
38、n on staging turns.7.2.5.1 Move the drums to upright, stable positions ifnecessary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums toprevent movement hazards.7.2.5.2 Number or identify uniquely all drums to besampled.7.2.6 Perform a detailed inspection of individual drums.7.2.6.1 Record all relevant i
39、nformation from drum labels,markings, data sheets, etc. in the field log book or on formsspecified in the work plan.7.2.6.2 Make sure there are no discrepancies with existingpaperwork.7.2.7 Slowly loosen the ring that secures the lid, or loosenthe bung allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.7.2
40、.7.1 Precautionary Notes:(1) If the drum or pail appears to be under positive ornegative pressure (that is, a slight bulge or dimple in the lid),control the release of pressure until it has equalized. Forexample, if the drum or pail is equipped with bungs, loosen thesmaller bung first since doing so
41、 will make it easier to controlthe release of pressure.(2) If the top of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), itmay “pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the samplerwith any material that is sitting on top of the drum.(3) If there is evidence of a chemical reaction or suddenpressure buildup, the
42、sampler should leave the area immedi-ately and evaluate whether remote drum opening equipmentshould be used.(4) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum andsampling equipment should be grounded if the generation ofstatic electricity while opening or sampling the drum is apossibility. The drum
43、and sampling equipment should begrounded to a ground stake or to an existing ground (buildingground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New sampling equipmentmay have some residual static electrical charge due to thematerials in which they are packed and shipped. The work planshould specify whether ground
44、ing is necessary. See AccidentPrevention Manual for Industrial Operations for informationon grounding and bonding.7.2.7.2 Drums should be opened, sampled, and closedindividually to minimize the risk of exposure.7.2.7.3 Drums (or Pails) with BungsLoosen the largebung slowly. Use non-sparking tools.7.
45、2.7.4 Drums with Removable LidsLoosen the ringslowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Usenon-sparking tools.7.2.7.5 Pails with Removable Lids (Side-Lever LockRing)Release the lever slowly.7.2.7.6 Pails with Removable Lids (Snap-On)Pry the lidloose slowly with a pail lid opener.7.2.8 Manual
46、 or remote puncturing or deheading will berequired if the drum (or pail) has a stuck bung or the lid cannotbe removed. See EPA/600/2-86/013 Drum Handling Practicesat Hazardous Waste Sites for further information on manual orremote drum opening.7.2.9 Any discrepancy discovered (such as evidence of fr
47、eeliquid) upon opening the drum should be recorded in the fieldlog book.7.3 Sampling EquipmentSelection:7.3.1 Table 1 summarizes selection criteria for equipmentby the material to be sampled.7.3.2 Sampling Equipment, Materials of ConstructionSampling devices will usually be made of stainless steel,
48、brass,or aluminum. Devices using permanent coatings or liners (suchas PTFE) may be subject to abrasion, leading to contaminationof the sample.7.3.3 Generic Equipment ListA general list of equipmentused for sampling unconsolidated solids follows:7.3.3.1 Scoop and Shovel.7.3.3.2 Trier.7.3.3.3 Auger.7.
49、3.3.4 Concentric tube thief (single slot/partition, multi-slot/partitioned, grain thief/probe, double tube, open-sleevedtrier and Missouri D tube Sampler).7.3.3.5 Thin-walled tube.7.3.3.6 Scissors.7.3.3.7 Tongs.7.3.3.8 Hammer and chisel.7.3.3.9 Cloths or wipes, or both.7.3.3.10 Spatula.7.3.3.11 Sample containers, lids, and liners.7.3.3.12 Chain of custody forms.7.3.3.13 Field log books.7.3.3.14 Sample labels.7.3.3.15 Sample cooler.7.3.3.16 Ice or gel ice.7.3.3.17 Grounding cables with alligator clips and emerycloth.7.3.3.18 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible
