1、Designation: D 5687/D 5687M 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forPreparation of Flat Composite Panels with ProcessingGuidelines for Specimen Preparation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5687/D 5687M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidelines to facilitate the properpreparation
3、 of laminates and test specimens from fiber-reinforced organic matrix composite prepregs. The scope islimited to organic matrices and fiber reinforcement in unidi-rectional (tape) or orthagonal weave patterns. Other forms mayrequire deviations from these general guidelines. Other pro-cessing techniq
4、ues for test coupon preparation, for example,pultrusion, filament winding and resin-transfer molding, arenot addressed.1.2 Specimen preparation is modeled as an 8-step processthat is presented in Fig. 1 and Section 8. Laminate consolida-tion techniques are assumed to be by press or autoclave. Thispr
5、actice assumes that the materials are properly handled by thetest facility to meet the requirements specified by the materialsupplier(s) or specification, or both. Identification and infor-mation gathering guidelines are modeled after Guide E 1309.Test specimens shall be directly traceable to materi
6、al used asdesignated in Guide E 1434. Proper test specimen identifica-tion also includes designation of process equipment, processsteps, and any irregularities identified during processing.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within t
7、he text theinch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with thestandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to addres
8、s all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 297/C 297M Tes
9、t Method for Flatwise Tensile Strengthof Sandwich ConstructionsD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-ticsD
10、3163 Test Method for Determining Strength of Adhe-sively Bonded Rigid Plastic Lap-Shear Joints in Shear byTension LoadingD 3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of CompositeMaterialsD 3531 Test Method for Resin Flow of Carbon Fiber-EpoxyPrepregD 3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD 3900 Tes
11、t Methods for RubberDetermination of Ethyl-ene Units in Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers (EPM) andin Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Terpolymers (EPDM) byInfrared SpectrometryD 4850 Terminology Relating to FabricD 5229/D 5229M Test Method for Moisture AbsorptionProperties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polym
12、er Ma-trix Composite MaterialsE 1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance StrainGagesE 1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-ReinforcedPolymer-Matrix Composite Materials in DatabasesE 1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases3. Terminology3
13、.1 DefinitionsTerminology D 3878 defines terms relatingto high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on CompositeMaterials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Lamina andLaminate Test Methods.Current edition
14、approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5687/D 5687M -95(2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
15、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology D 123defines textile related terms. Terminology D 4850
16、 definesterms relating to fabric. In the event of a conflict betweenterms, Terminology D 3878 shall have precedence over theother standards.3.2 Description of Trems Used in This StandardThe termsused in this guide may conflict with general usage. There is notyet an established consensus concerning t
17、he use of these terms.The following descriptions are intended only for use in thisguide.3.2.1 bag, vthe process of enclosing the ply layers withina flexible container. See lay-up.3.2.2 base plate, na flat plate on which a laminate is laidup usually made of aluminum and 6 mm 0.25 in. or thickerwith a
18、 flatness requirement of 0.05 mm 0.002 in. or less.3.2.3 breather string, na glass string connected from thelaminate to a breather in the autoclave bag. It is used as adegassing aid; providing a path for gasses to be transferredfrom the laminate.3.2.4 caul plate, na flat plate used to provide a flat
19、 surfaceto the top of the laminate during laminate consolidationusually made of aluminum and 3 mm 0.125 in. thick orthicker with a flatness requirement of 0.05 mm 0.002 in. orless.3.2.5 cloth, na piece of textile fabric containing wovenreinforcement without a load transferring matrix.3.2.6 dam, na s
20、olid material (such as silicone rubber, steelor aluminum) used in the autoclave bag to contain the matrixmaterial within defined boundaries during laminate consolida-tion.3.2.7 debulk, vprocess of decreasing voids betweenlamina before laminate consolidation through use of vacuum orby mechanical mean
21、s. Laminae can be debulked at ambient orelevated temperatures.3.2.8 doubler, nan unbonded tab used to hold the lami-nate specimen in a grip or fixture. See tab.3.2.9 fiber washing, nthe tendency of fibers to changeorientation due to resin flow from the original lay-up direction.Fiber washing may occ
22、ur during the laminate consolidationprocess mainly at the sides of a laminate.3.2.10 fill, n(1) Fiber inserted by the shuttle duringweaving also designated as filling. See Terminology D 123.(2)The direction of fiber running perpendicular to the warp fibers.3.2.11 flip/flop, vthe process of alternati
23、ng plies throughan angle orientation of 180 during laminate lay-up. Thispractice is commonly used if material of the same width as thelaminate has a reoccurring flaw. The process changes thelocation of the flaw so that it does not unduly affect thelaminate structure.3.2.12 flaw, na material defect,
24、typically occurring in thediscrete fiber reinforcement, but possible in the matrix.3.2.13 flow, nthe movement of uncured matrix underpressure during laminate consolidation.3.2.14 harness, na weaving designation of how many fillfibers a warp float crosses in a satin weave. Typical weaves are5-Harness
25、 and 8-Harness.3.2.15 joint, na location where two edges of prepregmeet. Two common types of joints used in lay-up are a buttjoint (where 2 plies are aligned edge to edge) and an overlapjoint (where the edge of each ply is overlapped some specifiedwidth with another ply).3.2.16 lay-up, nthe finished
26、 product of ply stacking andbagging operations.3.2.17 matrix, nthe continuous constituent of a compositematerial.3.2.18 mold, nthe support structure that holds the lami-nate or lay-up during the laminate consolidation process.3.2.19 non-perforated TFE, na non-porous tetrafluoroet-hylene film.3.2.20
27、panel, na uniformly contoured composite lami-nate, typically flat.3.2.21 peel ply, na cloth with release capabilities. Usuallyused in conjunction with laminates requiring secondary bond-ing.3.2.22 perforated TFE, na porous tetrafluoroethylene filmused in the bagging process that allows gasses or exc
28、ess matrixmaterials to escape from a laminate during laminate consoli-dation, while protecting the laminate from physical bonding toother items such as base plates or caul plates.3.2.23 ply, na single layer of prepreg used in lay-up.3.2.24 press, nequipment consisting of heated, flat usu-ally within
29、 a tolerance of 0.3 mm 0.01 in. or less platens thatsupply pressure against a surface.3.2.25 satin, adja weave pattern in which warp floats passover several yarns before crossing under a single yarn. It ischaracterized by parallel fibers and no diagonal pattern.NOTE 1Material identification is manda
30、tory. Continuous traceabilityof specimens is required throughout the process.Process checks (Appendix X4) may be done at the end of each step toverify that the step was performed to give a laminate or specimen ofsatisfactory quality.Steps 4 and 5 may be interchanged. For aramid fibers, step 5 routin
31、elyprecedes step 4.Steps 6, 7 and 8 may be interchanged.FIG.18StepMechanical Test Data ModelD 5687/D 5687M 95 (2007)23.2.26 sealant, na high temperature material used to sealthe edges of a vacuum bag to the base plate during aconsolidation or debulking cycle.3.2.27 staggered, adjthe description of p
32、ly placementwhere the joints are not positioned in the same inplane locationthrough some specified thickness of the laminate.3.2.28 tab, na piece of material used to hold the laminatespecimen in a grip or fixture for testing so that the laminate isnot damaged, and is adequately supported. It is bond
33、ed to thespecimen. An unbonded tab is termed a doubler.3.2.29 TFE coated cloth, na cloth coated with a tetrafluo-roethylene coating. This is used in the bagging process to allowgases or excess matrix material to escape during the laminateconsolidation. It differs from perforated TFE in that it gives
34、 atextured surface to the laminate.3.2.30 traveler, na coupon with the same nominal thick-ness and width as the test specimen, made of the same materialand processed similarly to the specimen except usually withouttabs or gages. The traveler is used to measure mass changesduring environmental condit
35、ioning when it is impractical tomeasure these changes on the actual specimen.3.2.31 vacuum bag, na low gas permeable material usedto enclose and seal the laminate during a consolidation ordebulking cycle.3.2.32 vacuum couple, nthe mechanical connection thatseals the vacuum source to the lay-up durin
36、g a consolidation ordebulking cycle.3.2.33 warp surface, nthe ply surface which shows thelarger area of warp tows with respect to filling tows. Fabricswhere both surfaces show an equal area of warp tows withrespect to filling tows do not have a warp surface.3.2.34 warp nested, nwarp plies alternated
37、 in the patternwarp surface up, warp surface down.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide describes the general process flow for prepa-ration of flat composite panels and provides specific recom-mended techniques that are generally suitable to laminatedfibrous organic polymer matrix composites for each of
38、 theprocess steps to test specimen fabrication.4.2 The specific techniques included in this guide are theminimum recommended for common composite material sys-tems as represented in the scope of this guide. For a givenapplication other techniques may need to be added or substi-tuted for those descri
39、bed by this guide.5. Significance and Use5.1 The techniques described in this guide, if properly usedin conjunction with a knowledge of behavior of particularmaterial systems, will aid in the proper preparation of consoli-dated laminates for mechanical property testing.5.2 The techniques described a
40、re recommended to facilitatethe consistent production of satisfactory test specimens byminimizing uncontrolled processing variance during specimenfabrication.5.3 Steps 3 through 8 of the 8-step process may not berequired for particular specimen or test types. If the specimenor test does not require
41、a given step in the process of specimenfabrication, that particular step may be skipped.5.4 A test specimen represents a simplification of thestructural part. The test specimens value lies in the ability ofseveral sites to be able to test the specimen using standardtechniques. Test data may not show
42、 identical properties tothose obtained in a large structure, but a correlation can bemade between test results and part performance. This may bedue, in part, to the difficulty of creating a processing environ-ment for test specimens that identically duplicates that of largerscale processes.5.5 Toler
43、ances are guidelines based on current lab practices.This guide does not attempt to give detailed instructions due tothe variety of possible panels and specimens that could bemade. The tolerances should be used as a starting referencefrom which refinements can be made.6. Interferences6.1 Specimen pre
44、paration practices should reflect those usedon an applicable part, to the greatest extent practical. However,due to scaling effects, processing requirements for test lami-nates may not exactly duplicate the processes used in largerscale components. The user should attempt to understand andcontrol th
45、ose critical process parameters that may produce adifference in material response between the test coupon and thestructure. Critical process parameters are material, application,and process dependent and are beyond the scope of this guide.6.2 Laminate quality is directly related to the prevention of
46、contamination during lay-up and processing.7. Apparatus and MaterialsNOTE 1This section provides a listing of apparatus and material itemsthat have been shown to be acceptable. The list is not meant to be allinclusive, but may be helpful to novice users.7.1 Equipment:7.1.1 Lay-up Environment/Tools:7
47、.1.1.1 TablesTables should be1m3ftinheight (oradjustable tables) with ample area for lay-up. The table shouldbe accessible from all sides. The table surface should have afully supported metal or wood undersurface. The table surfaceshould be of (1) safety glass with edges protected by aluminumangle p
48、late or (2) A toughened transparent plastic sheet.7.1.1.2 Convenient accessibility of lay-up materialsWallracks hold bulk cloth, TFE, and other expendable baggingmaterials.These racks typically consist of a steel rod which canhold a roll of material. The rods should be able to accommo-date material
49、rolls up to 1.5 m 60 in. wide. The spacingbetween racks should be a minimum of 0.4 m 15 in. spacingbetween rods with the bottom rod being no closer than 0.6 m25 in. to the floor and the top rod being no higher than 2.2 m85 in. from the floor. Cabinets and drawers hold other lay-upmaterials such as sealants, spare tape, vacuum couples, hoses,caul plates, thermocouple wire, and so forth. These should becompartmentalized for easy access.7.1.1.3 Vacuum SupplyOverhead piping for vacuum witha flexible hose reel over the ta
