1、Designation: D5737 95 (Reapproved 2006)D5737/D5737M 14Standard Guide forMethods for Measuring Well Discharge1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5737;D5737/D5737M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide covers an overview of methods to measure well discharge. This guide is an integral part of
3、 a series of standardsprepared on the in-situ determination of hydraulic properties of aquifer systems by single- or multiple-well tests. Measurement ofwell discharge is a common requirement to the determination of aquifer and well hydraulic properties.1.2 This guide does not establish a fixed proce
4、dure for any method described. Rather, it describes different methods formeasuring discharge from a pumping or flowing well. A pumping well is one type of control well. A control well can also be aninjection well or a well in which slug tests are conducted.1.3 This guide does not address borehole fl
5、ow meters that are designed for measuring vertical or horizontal flow within aborehole.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units presented in brackets are to be regarded separately as standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only. stated in each system may not
6、be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with thestandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibili
7、tyof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Furthermore, it is the users responsibility to properly dispose of water discharged.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information
8、or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repr
9、esent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved throu
10、gh the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1941 Test Method for Open Channel Flow Measurement of Water with the Parshall FlumeD4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properti
11、es by Well TechniquesD5242 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement of Water with Thin-Plate WeirsD5390 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement of Water with Palmer-Bowlus FlumesD5716 Test Method for Measuring the Rate of Well Discharge by Circular Orifice Weir2.2 ISO Standard:Recommendat
12、ion R541 Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Orifice Plates and Nozzles32.3 ANSI Standard:Standard 1042 Part 1 Methods for the Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes, 1, Orifice Plates, Nozzles and Venturi Tubes31 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the d
13、irect responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006June 1, 2014. Published August 2006July 2014. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20002006 asD5737 95 (2006). (2000). DOI: 10.1520/D5737-95R06.10.1
14、520/D5737_D5737M-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available fromAmerican National Standar
15、ds Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13thInstitute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
16、it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears
17、at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.4 ASME Standard:Standard MFC-3M-1989MFC-3M-1995 Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Orifice, Nozzle, and Venturi43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 con
18、ceptual modelan interpretation or description of the characteristics, interactions, and dynamics of a physical system.3.1.2 control wella well by which the head and flow in the aquifer is changed, by pumping, injection, or imposing a changeof head.3.1.3 dischargeor rate of flow, is the volume of wat
19、er that passes a particular reference section in a unit of time.3.1.4 totalizing flow metera flow meter that indicates the cumulative flow displayed as a volume. The flow rate is calculatedbased on the time between two readings.3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of othercommon terms used in this guide,
20、see within this guide refer to Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is limited to the description of test methods typical for measurement of groundwater ground water discharge froma control well.4.1.1 Controlled field tests are the primary means of determining aquifer properties. M
21、ost mathematical equations developedfor analyzing field tests require measurement of control well discharge.4.1.2 Discharge may be needed for evaluation of well design and efficiency.4.1.3 For aquifer tests, a conceptual model should be prepared to evaluate the proper test method and physical test r
22、equirements,such as well placement and design (see Guide D4043). Review the site data for consistency with the conceptual model. Revise theconceptual model as appropriate and consider the implications on the planned activities.4.1.4 For aquifer tests, the discharge rate should be sufficient to cause
23、 significant stress of the aquifer without violating testassumptions. Conditions that may violate test assumptions include conversion of the aquifer from confined to unconfinedconditions, lowering the water level in the control well to below the top of the well screen, causing a well screen entrance
24、 velocitythat promotes well development during the test, or decreasing the filter pack permeability characteristics.4.1.5 Some test methods described here are not applicable to injection well tests.4.2 This guide does not apply to test methods used in measurement of flow of other fluids used in indu
25、strial operations, suchas waste water, sludge, oil, and chemicals.5. Test Methods5.1 Selection of a Well Discharge Rate Measurement MethodSelect a well discharge measurement method based on thedesired discharge rate or rates, the desired pumping method, the required accuracy and frequency of measure
26、ment, the type ofpump discharge and the water conveyance method.5.2 Principal Well Discharge Rate Measurement MethodsA summary of principal methods is given below for typicalhydrogeologic testing.Additional information may be found in a publication of the National Institute of Standards and Technolo
27、gy(NIST) (1),5 theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (2), or in a comprehensive book on the subject of flow meterengineering (3). Discharge methods can be classified as open channel flow and closed conduit flow. Open channel flow is limitedto calibrated control structures, such as weirs
28、 and flumes. Closed conduit flow includes methods such as turbine meters andmagnetic meters. Also included are methods that measure the discharge of water from the closed conduit to the air, such as theorifice tube.5.3 Open Channel Flow Methods:5.3.1 WeirsA weir is a vertical obstruction that restri
29、cts the total flow of water in channel. Weirs fall into three generalclassifications, sharp crested, broad crested, and suppressed. Sharp crested weirs use a flat plate that is configured in a triangular“V” or rectangular shape; they are described in 5.3.1.1. See Test Method D5242. Broad crested wei
30、rs are wide rectangularrestrictions that are usually only used as spillways in dams. They are not described here. More information on broad crested weirsmay be found in Ref (4). A third classification of weirs, called suppressed weirs, are more commonly known as flumes. Flumesare discussed in 5.3.2.
31、5.3.1.1 Sharp Crested WeirsThe weir is placed flush against the flowing stream, and the notch is made as sharp as possibleusing a flat piece of metal with sharp edges forming the weir notch.The relation between the head and the discharge of a weir variesaccording to the shape of the weir notch. A we
32、ir is inexpensive to construct, easy to install and highly accurate when installed andused properly.4 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th Street, Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY10017.10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.5 The
33、boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of the text.D5737/D5737M 1425.3.2 FlumeA flume is a device that restricts flow in the channel which causes the water to accelerate, producing acorresponding change in the water level. The head can then be related to disch
34、arge. Several types of flumes have been developed;the most common flume for measuring well discharge is the Parshall flume, originally designed by R. L. Parshall of the U.S. SoilConservation Service (5). See Test Methods D1941 and D5390.5.3.2.1 Flumes have several advantages over weirs. The most imp
35、ortant of these is the self-cleaning capacity of flumescompared with sharp-edged weirs. Head losses through a flume are also much less than for a weir, so when the available head islimited, flumes are more desirable. Flumes can function over a wide range of discharges and still require only a single
36、 upstreamhead measurement. However, flumes require more time to set up than weirs.5.4 Closed Conduit Methods:5.4.1 Invasive Methods:5.4.1.1 Turbine-Type (Propeller) Flow MetersA totalizing flow meter is a device used in measuring water in most domesticand commercial potable water uses. This flow met
37、er consists of a flow tube in which a rotor blade is mounted together with eithera means of generating an electrical signal proportional to the angular velocity of the rotor or a mechanical system of gears thatrotates proportional to the flow volume. The meter is installed as a section of the water
38、line between the pump and the point ofdischarge. Turbine-type flow meters have a limited operating range. The meter must be calibrated and the pipe must be full.Mechanical turbine meters typically only totalize flow.5.4.2 Noninvasive Methods:5.4.2.1 Magnetic Flow MetersThe magnetic flow meter operat
39、es on the same general principle as an electric generator (2).The pipe is placed such that the fluid path is normal to the magnetic field. The motion of the fluid through the magnetic fieldinduces an electromotive force across the fluid. By placing insulated electrodes in the pipe in a plane normal
40、to the magnetic fieldthe strength of the field can be measured using a special voltmeter. An electromotive force is induced in the flowing water (thatis, the conductor) across a pair of electrodes.Advantages are that there is no added head loss. Disadvantages include their relativelyhigh cost and po
41、tential errors due to scaling.5.4.2.2 Venturi MetersThe venturi meter uses the relationship between pressure and flow velocity across a throat.Advantagesinclude less head loss relative to orifice meters and less required maintenance. More information may be gained from BritishStandard 1042.5.4.2.3 A
42、coustic MetersThe acoustic meter, also called the sonic meter or doppler flow meter, uses sound waves inconjunction with knowledge of pipe wall thickness to allow estimation of flow rate. Many acoustic meters require suspendedmaterial or entrapped air to obtain a quality reading. An advantage of aco
43、ustic meters over other types is their limited mechanicalparts and thus longer equipment life. A disadvantage is sensitivity to pipe encrustation.5.4.3 Discharge to Air Methods:5.4.3.1 Bucket and Stop WatchThe bucket and stop watch method is simply the collection of discharged water in a containerof
44、 known volume for a measured period of time. The volume collected divided by the time the water is collected is the dischargerate over that time period.Alternately, the volume can be determined by measuring the weight and using a density conversion. Therate is measured periodically over the course o
45、f the test.Advantages include its ease to set up and the simplicity of taking readings.Disadvantages include its manual operation and inability to obtain continuous measurements.5.4.3.2 Orifice BucketThe orifice bucket is a container with precisely cut holes in the bottom and a calibrated piezometer
46、 tubeon the side. The well discharge is directed into the top of the bucket where water then accumulates as it is delayed in flowing outthe holes located in the base of the container. The accumulated head can be read on the piezometer tube. The discharge is read froma chart relating discharge to hea
47、d. The device is especially useful in measuring rates of production of reciprocating and airliftpumps where the flow is not at a uniform rate. An orifice bucket 30.530 cm (12 in.)12 in. in diameter can be constructed tomeasure discharge rates from 8 to 151150 L/min (22 to 40 gal/min).gal/min. An ori
48、fice bucket 61.060 cm (24 in.)24 in. indiameter can be constructed to measure discharge rates from 3840 to 680 L/min (1010 to 180 gal/min).gal/min. Advantagesinclude its ease in setup and use and its ability to be configured with a float water level recorder. The orifice bucket was describedby the I
49、llinois State Water Survey (5).5.4.3.3 Circular Orifice WeirAlso called the orifice tube and orifice meter, the circular orifice weir is the device often usedto measure the discharge rate from a high-capacity pump. The orifice meter is a circular restriction in a pipe that causes backpressure that can be measured in a piezometer tube. The water level in the piezometer tube is the pressure head in the approachpipe when water is being pumped through the orifice. For any size of orifice diameter and approach pipe diameter, the rate of flowthrough the or
