1、Designation: D5745 09Standard Guide forDeveloping and Implementing Short-Term Measures or EarlyActions for Site Remediation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5745; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to assist practitioners in thedevelopment, selection, design, and implementat
3、ion of partial,short-term, or early action remedies undertaken at sites ofwaste contamination for the purpose of managing, controlling,or reducing risk posed by environmental site contamination.Early action remedies and strategies are applicable to themanagement of other regulatory processes (for ex
4、ample, stateUST programs are equally applicable) in addition to theComprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation andLiabilityAct (CERCLA)/NCPprocess. this guide identifies anddescribes a standard process, technical requirements, informa-tion needs, benefits, and strategy for early actions.1.2 T
5、his guide is applicable to both nonhazardous andhazardous sites of contamination as defined by CERCLA asamended by the Superfund Amendments and ReauthorizationAct of 1986 (SARA) and the Resource Conservation andRecoveryAct (RCRA) as amended by the Hazardous and SolidWaste Amendments (HSWA) of 1986.1
6、.3 To the extent that this guide may be used for hazardousmaterials operations, it does not address the applicability ofregulatory limitations and local requirements.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of t
7、he user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1528 Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence:Transaction Screen Process2.2 Code of Federal Regul
8、ations:3Corrective Action or Solid Waste Management Units atHazardous Waste Management Facilities, Proposed Rule,27 July 1990, 40 CFR Parts 264, 265, 270, and 271 (55 FR30797)Corrective Action Management Units and Temporary Units;Corrective Action Provisions; Final Rule, 16 February1993, 58 FR 8658N
9、ational Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contin-gency Plan, Final Rule, 8 March 1990, 40 CFR Part 3002.3 EPA Documents3CERCLA, Compliance with Other Laws Manual, Part I(Interim Final), August 1988, EPA/9234.1-01CERCLA, Compliance with Other Laws Manual, Part II:Clean Air Act and Other Environm
10、ental Statutes and StateRequirements, August 1989, EPA/9234.1-02Guidance for Performing Preliminary Assessments underCERCLA, September 1991, EPA/9345.0-01AGuidance for Performing Site Inspections under CERCLA,September 1992, EPA/9345.1-05Data Quality Objectives for Remedial Response Activities:Devel
11、opment Process, EPA/540/G-87/003Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Fea-sibility Studies (RI/FS) under CERCLA, October 1988,EPA/9355.3-01RCRA Corrective Action Interim Measures Guidance, In-terim Final, June 1988, EPA/9902.43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 applicable or relevant a
12、nd appropriate requirements(ARAR)those requirements, cleanup standards, standards ofcontrol, and other substantive environmental protection re-quirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under federalor state law that show either a direct correspondence or address1This guide is under the jurisd
13、iction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.05 on SiteRemediation.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous approved in 2005 as D5745-95(2005) DOI:10.1520/D5745-09.2For referenced
14、 ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice,
15、 Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.problems or situations sufficiently similar at a site to show thatthey are well suited for application.3.1.2 conceptual site model, na mental or physical repre-sen
16、tation of the physical system and the iterative characteriza-tion of the physical and chemical processes and conditions thataffect the transport of contaminants from sources throughenvironmental media to receptors or potential receptors.3.1.3 contaminant, nany substance potentially hazardousto human
17、 health or the environment and present in theenvironment above background concentration.3.1.4 early action, nany remedial plan initiated in ad-vance of a complete or final characterization of a contaminatedsite.3.1.5 final remedy, nsite restoration.3.1.6 interim remedial measure, na remedial action
18、thatimplements a partial solution prior to the selection of a finalcomplete remedy. Interim remedial measures may be earlyactions, but they are often not.3.1.7 migration, nthe movement of contaminant(s) awayfrom a source through permeable subsurface media (such as themovement of a groundwater plume
19、of contamination) or themovement of contaminant(s) by a combination of surficial andsubsurface processes.3.1.8 partial remedy, nan interim or incomplete solutionintended to be consistent with the expected permanent remedyfor treatment, control, elimination, or management of riskassociated with the r
20、elease of a contaminant to the environ-ment.3.1.9 potential migration pathway, nthe route that may betaken by contaminants in the environment as they move or aretransported from the source(s), usually in a downgradientdirection.3.1.10 preliminary assessment (PA), na review of existinginformation and
21、 an off-site reconnaissance, if appropriate, todetermine whether a release may require additional investiga-tion or action.Apreliminary assessment may include an on-sitereconnaissance, if appropriate. See ASTM Guidance for Trans-action Screen Questionnaire (Practice E1528).3.1.11 receptor, nhumans o
22、r other species potentially atrisk from exposure to contaminant(s) at the point(s) of expo-sure.3.1.12 release, nany spilling, leaking, pumping, emitting,emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping,and disposing into the environment (including the abandon-ment or discarding of barr
23、els, containers, and other closedreceptacles) of any hazardous chemical, extremely hazardoussubstance, or CERCLA hazardous substance.3.1.13 removal, nthe cleanup or removal of releasedhazardous substances from the environment; such actions asmay be necessary to take in the event of the threat of rel
24、ease ofhazardous substances into the environment; such actions asmay be necessary to monitor, assess, and evaluate the releaseor threat of release of hazardous substances; the disposal ofremoved material; or the taking of such other actions as may benecessary to prevent, minimize, or mitigate damage
25、 to thepublic health or welfare or to the environment, which mayotherwise result from a release or threat of release.3.1.14 short-term measure, nan early action designed tohave an authorized duration of less than one year for theeffective control or management of a contaminant released tothe environ
26、ment.3.1.15 size characterization, nthe process by which infor-mation relating to the nature, extent, potential migrationpathways, and receptors of environmental contaminants isgathered, interpreted, and documented. Site characterizationefforts to provide a basis for the following: (1) the developme
27、ntof a conceptual site model (CSM), (2) the selection and designof a site remediation plan, or (3) the measuring point againstwhich the effectiveness of a remedy can be evaluated, or somecombination thereof.3.1.16 site inspection (SI), nan on-site investigation todetermine whether a release or poten
28、tial release exists and thenature of the associated threats. The purpose is to augment thedata collected in the preliminary assessment and to generate, ifnecessary, sampling and other field data to determine whetherfurther action or investigation is appropriate.3.1.17 site remediation, nthose action
29、s taken in the eventof a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance in tothe environment, to prevent or minimize the impact of therelease, or to mitigate a substantial hazard to present or futureenvironmental conditions. This early action may or may notlead to ultimate restoration of the
30、 site.3.1.18 source, nthe location at which contamination hasentered the natural environment.3.2 Description of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 significantly above background, adjthe mean con-centration of a site contaminant can be shown (by statisticalanalysis of other methods) to be greater
31、than nearby back-ground samples from the same pathway.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The basic activities associated with implementing anearly action are as follows: (1) construction of a CSM andestimation of risk(s); (2) identification of exposure controlpathways amenable to engineered control; (3) develop
32、ment ofinterim or partial solutions, estimation of engineered risk, andidentification and negotiation of required action levels; (4)selection of the desired solution(s); (5) attainment of legalauthority for implementation of the planned solution(s); (6)design and execution of the selected solution(s
33、); and (7)post-implementation monitoring of the conceptual site model.4.2 Five common objectives for an early action are toachieve the following: (1) minimize the human or environmen-tal risk exposure, or both; (2) minimize the time required toimplement a final remedy; (3) protect resources (for exa
34、mple,financial, mineral, and ecological); (4) minimize the complex-ity of a final remedy; or (5) provide a solution-oriented projectfocus, or combination thereof.4.3 There are three basic types of partial, short-term or earlyaction remedies: (1) source control remedies, (2) pathwaycontrol remedies,
35、and (3) receptor control remedies. Earlyactions are commonly categorized as source or receptor controlsince pathway controls usually require a sophisticated under-standing of the conceptual site model dynamics.4.4 The development of a final remedy is often an iterativeprocess that evolves frequently
36、 with the compilation of newD5745 092data in the CSM. Prompt development and implementation ofearly actions increases attainment of a projects remediationobjectives.4.5 Early actions, short-term remedies, or interim remedialmeasures are effective risk management tools when designedand executed prope
37、rly. Some common benefits derived fromearly actions include: (1) human, ecological, and financialresources are protected; (2) the time required to remediate anunacceptable environmental condition is minimized or re-duced; (3) decreased geometric magnitude or scale of anunacceptable environmental con
38、dition; (4) minimized com-plexity and scope of a final remedial solution; and (5) envi-ronmental projects become “solution” oriented.4.6 A successful strategy for the application of early actionshas been developed. The strategy consists of phases or stepsthat include:4.6.1 Development of a potential
39、 proactive early actionremedies list.4.6.2 Identification of early action candidate sites.4.6.3 Selection of site-specific and easily definable CSMcomponents(s).4.6.3.1 Establishment and prioritization of early action ob-jectives for each CSM component.4.6.3.2 Identification of early action alternat
40、ives to address-ing each objective, anticipated or expected results and theirimpact on final regulations and remedy.4.6.3.3 Selection of regulatory and public comment, asappropriate.4.6.4 Establishment of funding for early actions.4.6.5 Prioritization of early action solutions consistent withthe obj
41、ectives, public response, expected results, and fundingavailability.4.6.6 Selection and integration of early action solutions.4.6.6.1 Determination of appropriate criteria for manage-ment of early action progress and results.4.6.6.2 Establishment of documentation and record proce-dures for early act
42、ion and effective final remedy implementa-tion.4.6.6.3 Analysis of the validation approach prior to theimplementation of early action.4.6.7 Preparation and finalization of the early action reme-dial plan.4.6.8 Implementation and documentation of early actionactivities.4.6.8.1 Frequent and periodic v
43、alidation of early actionresults in comparison to the early action plan and the finalremedial action frequently and periodically.4.6.8.2 Frequent and periodic review of early action activi-ties.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to provide a systematic approachfor the application and
44、execution of early actions for purposesof remediating both hazardous and non-hazardous contamina-tion. Iterative development of a CSM is fundamental to the useof this guide.5.2 Anticipated users of this guide are owners or operatorsat sites of environmental contamination; technical profession-als in
45、volved in the field of environmental site characterizationand remediation; environmental regulators, property owners,employees, and residents adjacent to sites of environmentalcontamination; and lenders, sureties, and persons of generalinterest within an affected community.5.3 This guide is not inte
46、nded to replace legal requirementsfor remediating sites of environmental contamination. Thisguide should be used to supplement existing regulatory guid-ance and to focus remedial efforts toward final remedy solu-tions.6. Procedure6.1 Assembling Required InformationAssemble all avail-able information
47、, including the following: historical records,interviews, previous studies, environmental analytical data,permits, regulatory guidance and requirements, maps, geologiccross sections, engineering infrastructure as-built plans, anddrawings. At least one site visit by technical personnel taskedwith the
48、 responsibility of designing and implementing an earlyaction is required prior to the development of a remedial plan.6.2 Development of the Conceptual Site ModelAn initialconcept of the site(s) conceptual site model should be devel-oped using all assembled information. The quality and accu-racy of a
49、ll information should be assessed both quantitativelyand qualitatively, and the use of the information should befocused on the following:6.2.1 Identification of ContaminantsIdentify the environ-mental contaminants for all pathways of a conceptual sitemodel. Particular emphasis should be placed on identifying thecontaminants for any suspected exposure pathways of concern.6.2.2 Characterization of Background ConditionsThenatural and secondary (modified) background concentration ofcontaminants in all conceptual site model pathways must becharacterized or estimated
