1、Designation: D5745 09D5745 15Standard Guide forDeveloping and Implementing Short-Term Measures or EarlyActions for Site Remediation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5745; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to assist practitioners in the development, selection, design, and im
3、plementation of partial,short-term, or early action remedies undertaken at sites of waste contamination for the purpose of managing, controlling, orreducing risk posed by environmental site contamination. Early action remedies and strategies are applicable to the managementof other regulatory proces
4、ses (for example, state UST programs are equally applicable) in addition to the ComprehensiveEnvironmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)/NCP process. thisThis guide identifies and describes astandard process, technical requirements, information needs, benefits, and strategy for e
5、arly actions.1.2 This guide is applicable to both nonhazardous and hazardous sites of contamination as defined by CERCLAas amended bythe Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)as amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendm
6、ents (HSWA) of 1986.1.3 To the extent that this guide may be used for hazardous materials operations, it does not address the applicability ofregulatory limitations and local requirements.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
7、 the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1528 Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen Process2.2
8、Code of Federal Regulations:3Corrective Action or Solid Waste Management Units at Hazardous Waste Management Facilities, Proposed Rule, 27 July 1990,40 CFR Parts 264, 265, 270, and 271 (55 FR 30797)CorrectiveAction Management Units and Temporary Units; CorrectiveAction Provisions; Final Rule, 16 Feb
9、ruary 1993, 58 FR8658National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, Final Rule, 8 March 1990, 40 CFR Part 3002.3 EPA DocumentsCERCLA, Compliance with Other Laws Manual, Part I (Interim Final), August 1988, EPA/9234.1-01CERCLA, Compliance with Other Laws Manual, Part II: Clean Air
10、Act and Other Environmental Statutes and StateRequirements, August 1989, EPA/9234.1-02Guidance for Performing Preliminary Assessments under CERCLA, September 1991, EPA/9345.0-01AGuidance for Performing Site Inspections under CERCLA, September 1992, EPA/9345.1-05Data Quality Objectives for Remedial R
11、esponse Activities: Development Process, EPA/540/G-87/003Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) under CERCLA, October 1988, EPA/9355.3-01RCRA Corrective Action Interim Measures Guidance, Interim Final, June 1988, EPA/9902.41 This guide is under the jurisdicti
12、on of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.05 on Site Remediation.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009Sept. 1, 2015. Published October 2009September 2015. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous approved in 20052009 asD5745-95(2005)D5745-09
13、. DOI: 10.1520/D5745-09.10.1520/D5745-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Sup
14、erintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequa
15、tely depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
16、n, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARAR)those requirements, cleanup standards, standards ofcontrol, and other substantive environmental protection requirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under federal or
17、 state lawthat show either a direct correspondence or address problems or situations sufficiently similar at a site to show that they are wellsuited for application.3.1.2 conceptual site model, na mental or physical representation of the physical system and the iterative characterization ofthe physi
18、cal and chemical processes and conditions that affect the transport of contaminants from sources through environmentalmedia to receptors or potential receptors.3.1.3 contaminant, nany substance potentially hazardous to human health or the environment and present in the environmentabove background co
19、ncentration.3.1.4 early action, nany remedial plan initiated in advance of a complete or final characterization of a contaminated site.3.1.5 final remedy, nsite restoration.3.1.6 interim remedial measure, na remedial action that implements a partial solution prior to the selection of a final complet
20、eremedy. Interim remedial measures may be early actions, but they are often not.actions.3.1.7 migration, nthe movement of contaminant(s) away from a source through permeable subsurface media (such as themovement of a groundwater plume of contamination) or the movement of contaminant(s) by a combinat
21、ion of surficial andsubsurface processes.3.1.8 partial remedy, nan interim or incomplete solution intended to be consistent with the expected permanent remedy fortreatment, control, elimination, or management of risk associated with the release of a contaminant to the environment.3.1.9 potential mig
22、ration pathway, nthe route that may be taken by contaminants in the environment as they move or aretransported from the source(s), usually in a downgradient direction.3.1.10 preliminary assessment (PA), na review of existing information and an off-site reconnaissance, if appropriate, todetermine whe
23、ther a release may require additional investigation or action. A preliminary assessment may include an on-sitereconnaissance, if appropriate. See ASTM Guidance for Transaction Screen Questionnaire (Practice E1528).3.1.11 receptor, nhumans or other species potentially at risk from exposure to contami
24、nant(s) at the point(s) of exposure.3.1.12 release, nany spilling, leaking, pumping, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, anddisposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of barrels, containers, and other closed receptacles) ofany hazardo
25、us chemical, extremely hazardous substance, or CERCLA hazardous substance.3.1.13 removal, nthe cleanup or removal of released hazardous substances from the environment; such actions as may benecessary to take in the event of the threat of release of hazardous substances into the environment; such ac
26、tions as may benecessary to monitor, assess, and evaluate the release or threat of release of hazardous substances; the disposal of removedmaterial; or the taking of such other actions as may be necessary to prevent, minimize, or mitigate damage to the public healthor welfare or to the environment,
27、which may otherwise result from a release or threat of release.3.1.13 short-term measure, nan early action designed to have an authorized duration of less than one year for the effectivecontrol or management of a contaminant released to the environment.3.1.14 size characterization, nthe process by w
28、hich information relating to the nature, extent, potential migration pathways,and receptors of environmental contaminants is gathered, interpreted, and documented. Site characterization efforts to provide abasis for the following: (1) the development of a conceptual site model (CSM), (2) the selecti
29、on and design of a site remediationplan, or (3) the measuring point against which the effectiveness of a remedy can be evaluated, or some combination thereof.3.1.15 site inspection (SI), nan on-site investigation to determine whether a release or potential release exists and the natureof the associa
30、ted threats. The purpose is to augment the data collected in the preliminary assessment and to generate, if necessary,sampling and other field data to determine whether further action or investigation is appropriate.3.1.16 site remediation, nthose actions taken in the event of a release or threatene
31、d release of a hazardous substance in to theenvironment, to prevent or minimize the impact of the release, or to mitigate a substantial hazard to present or future environmentalconditions. This early action may or may not lead to ultimate restoration of the site.3.1.17 source, nthe location at which
32、 contamination has entered the natural environment.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 removal, nimmediate, short-term responses intended to protect people from immediate threats posed by hazardous wastesites. Examples are handling, transport, and off-site disposal of sources or
33、 potential sources.3.2.2 significantly above background, adjthe mean concentration of a site contaminant can be shown (by statistical analysisof other methods) to be enough greater than nearby background samples from the same pathway.pathway to be consideredsignificant by the user.D5745 1524. Summar
34、y of Guide4.1 The basic activities associated with implementing an early action are as follows: (1) construction of a CSM and estimationof risk(s); (2) identification of exposure control pathways amenable to engineered control; (3) development of interim or partialsolutions, estimation of engineered
35、 risk, and identification and negotiation of required action levels; (4) selection of the desiredsolution(s); (5) attainment of legal authority for implementation of the planned solution(s); (6) design and execution of the selectedsolution(s); and (7) post-implementation monitoring of the conceptual
36、 site model.4.2 Five common objectives for an early action are to achieve the following: (1) minimize the human or environmental riskexposure, or both; (2) minimize the time required to implement a final remedy; (3) protect resources (for example, financial,mineral, and ecological); (4) minimize the
37、 complexity of a final remedy; or (5) provide a solution-oriented project focus, orcombination thereof.4.3 There are three basic types of partial, short-term or early action remedies: (1) source control remedies, (2) pathway controlremedies, and (3) receptor control remedies. Early actions are commo
38、nly categorized as source or receptor control since pathwaycontrols usually require a sophisticated understanding of the conceptual site model dynamics.4.4 The development of a final remedy is often an iterative process that evolves frequently with the compilation of new datain the CSM. Prompt devel
39、opment and implementation of early actions increases attainment of a projects remediation objectives.4.5 Early actions, short-term remedies, or interim remedial measures are effective risk management tools when designed andexecuted properly. Some common benefits derived from early actions include: (
40、1) human, ecological, and financial resources areprotected; (2) the time required to remediate an unacceptable environmental condition is minimized or reduced; (3) decreasedgeometric magnitude or scale of an unacceptable environmental condition; (4) minimized complexity and scope of a final remedial
41、solution; and (5) environmental projects become “solution” oriented.4.6 A successful strategy for the application of early actions has been developed. The strategy consists of phases or steps thatinclude:4.6.1 Development of a potential proactive early action remedies list.4.6.2 Identification of ea
42、rly action candidate sites.4.6.3 Selection of site-specific and easily definable CSM components(s).4.6.3.1 Establishment and prioritization of early action objectives for each CSM component.4.6.3.2 Identification of early action alternatives to addressing each objective, anticipated or expected resu
43、lts and their impacton final regulations and remedy.4.6.3.3 Selection of regulatory and public comment, as appropriate.4.6.4 Establishment of funding for early actions.4.6.5 Prioritization of early action solutions consistent with the objectives, public response, expected results, and fundingavailab
44、ility.4.6.6 Selection and integration of early action solutions.4.6.6.1 Determination of appropriate criteria for management of early action progress and results.4.6.6.2 Establishment of documentation and record procedures for early action and effective final remedy implementation.4.6.6.3 Analysis o
45、f the validation approach prior to the implementation of early action.4.6.7 Preparation and finalization of the early action remedial plan.4.6.8 Implementation and documentation of early action activities.4.6.8.1 Frequent and periodic validation of early action results in comparison to the early act
46、ion plan and the final remedialaction frequently and periodically.4.6.8.2 Frequent and periodic review of early action activities.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to provide a systematic approach for the application and execution of early actions for purposes ofremediating both haza
47、rdous and non-hazardous contamination. Iterative development of a CSM is fundamental to the use of thisguide.5.2 Anticipated users of this guide are owners or operators at sites of environmental contamination; technical professionalsinvolved in the field of environmental site characterization and re
48、mediation; environmental regulators, property owners,employees, and residents adjacent to sites of environmental contamination; and lenders, sureties, and persons of general interestwithin an affected community.5.3 This guide is not intended to replace legal requirements for remediating sites of env
49、ironmental contamination. This guideshould be used to supplement existing regulatory guidance and to focus remedial efforts toward final remedy solutions.6. Procedure6.1 Assembling Required InformationAssemble all available information, including the following: historical records,interviews, previous studies, environmental analytical data, permits, regulatory guidance and requirements, maps, geologic crossD5745 153sections, engineering infrastructure as-built plans, and drawings. At least one site visit by technical personnel tasked with theresponsibility of
