1、Designation: D 5747 95a (Reapproved 2002)Standard Practice forTests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance ofGeomembranes to Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing ofgeomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid
3、 wastes,prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solidwastes.1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforcedgeomembranes.1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction withPractice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or b
4、oth. The scope of thispractice is limited to testing and reporting procedures forunexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond thescope of this practice.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated w
5、ith its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 717 T
6、erminology of Building Seals and Sealants2D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers-Tension3D 413 Test Method for Rubber Property-Adhesion to Flex-ible Substrate3D 624 Test Method for Tear Strength of ConventionalVulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas
7、tic Elastomer3D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics4D 751 Method of Testing Coated Fabrics5D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheeting6D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics6D 1004 Test Method for Initial Tear Resistance of PlasticFilm and Sheeting6D 1505 Test Me
8、thod for Density of Plastics by Density-Gradient Technique6D 2240 Test Method of Rubber Property-Durometer Hard-ness3D 3417 Test Method for Heats of Fusion and Crystallizationof Polymers by Thermal Analysis7D 3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures of Poly-mers by Thermal Analysis7D 3895 Test M
9、ethod for Oxidative Induction Time of Poly-olefins by Thermal Analysis7D 4437 Practice for Determining the Integrity of FieldSeams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric SheetGeomembranes8D 4439 Terminology for Geotextiles8D 4545 Practice for Determining the Integrity of FactorySeams Used in Joining Man
10、ufactured Flexible SheetGeomembranes8D 4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance ofGeotextiles, Geomembranes, and Related Products8D 5199 Test Method for Measuring Nominal Thickness ofGeotextiles and Geomembranes8D 5322 Practice for Immersion Procedures for Evaluatingthe Chemical Resistance of
11、Geosynthetics to Liquids8D 5323 Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulusof Polyethylene Geomembranes8D 5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-stant Tensile Load Test8D 5496 Practice for In-Situ Immersion Testing of Geosyn-thet
12、ics8E 793 Test Method for Heats of Fusion and Crystallinity byDifferential Scanning Calorimetry91This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-theticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on EnduranceProperties.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1995. Publi
13、shed May 1996. Originallypublished as D 5747 95. Last previous edition D 5747 95.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.7Annual B
14、ook of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.8Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.13.9Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 794 Test Method for Melting and Crystallization byThermal Analysis
15、9F 1251 Terminology Relating to Polymeric Biomaterials inMedical and Surgical Devices102.2 Government Standard:EPA/600/2-88/052, Lining of Waste Containment and OtherImpoundment Facilities112.3 NSF Standard:NSF Standard 54, Flexible Membrane Liners122.4 FTMS Standard:FTMS 101C, Method 2031 Test Meth
16、od for Preservation,Packaging, and Package Materials: Test Procedures133. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 chemical resistance, nfor geosynthetics, the extentto which a material or product retains its as-manufacturedphysical and chemical characteristics when subjec
17、ted to im-mersion or contact with a foreign substance.3.1.2 coupon, na portion of a material or laboratorysample from which multiple specimens can be taken fortesting.NOTE 1See Fig. 1 for the relationship between sample, coupon, andspecimen.3.1.2.1 DiscussionSee Fig. 1 for the relationship betweensa
18、mple, coupon, and specimen.3.1.3 elastomer, na macromolecular material that returnsrapidly to approximately the initial dimensions and shape aftersubstantial deformation by a weak stress and release of thestress. (C 717, C-24)3.1.4 elastomeric, adjhaving the characteristics of anelastomer. (C 717, C
19、-24)3.1.5 fabric-reinforced, adjstructurally reinforced mate-rial made by incorporating geotextile.3.1.6 flood coating, nthe process of placing a layer(s) ofadhesive or polymer on the edges of cut, fabric-reinforcedgeomembranes in order to prevent exposure of the fabric to anenvironment.3.1.7 geomem
20、brane, nan essentially impermeable geo-synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.(D 4439)3.1.8 plasticized, adjhaving had a plasticizer added.3.1.9 plasticizer, na substance incorporated into a mate-rial to increase its workability, flexibility, or distensibility.(D 883, D-20)3.1.10 semi-cr
21、ystalline, na solid that contains a mixtureof both crystalline and amorphous regions.3.1.11 tensile set, nrepresents residual deformation whichis partly permanent and partly recoverable after stretching andretraction. (D 412, D-11)3.1.12 thermoplastic, na plastic that repeatedly can besoftened by he
22、ating and hardened by cooling through atemperature range characteristic of the plastic, and that in thesoftened state can be shaped by flow into articles by moldingor extrusion. (F 1251, F-4)3.2 For definitions of other terms related to geomembranes,refer to Terminology D 4439.3.3 For definition of
23、other terms related to plastics, refer toTerminology D 883.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice defines test methods and procedures forevaluating the resistance of geomembranes to liquid exposureby monitoring physical and chemical properties of geomem-brane coupons immersed in a test liquid. The
24、physical condi-tion of the geomembrane is monitored as a function ofcumulative exposure time by means of dimensional measure-ments, and physical and chemical property tests.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standardprocedures for test programs investigating th
25、e chemical resis-tance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, orchemical. This practice should be used in the absence of otherspecifications required for the particular situation being ad-dressed.5.2 Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not aquantifiable term. This practice is
26、intended to provide a basis ofstandardization for those wishing to compare or investigate thechemical resistance of a geomembrane. It should be recognizedthat chemical resistance is a user judgement evaluation and thatthis practice does not offer procedures for interpreting theresults obtained from
27、test procedures contained in this practice.As a practice, this does not produce a test result.NOTE 2This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment ofgeomembranes and is written in parallel to similar standard practices forgeotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liner
28、s.Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under10Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 13.01.11National Technical Information Service, PB-89-129670.12Copies can be obtained from National Sanitation Foundation International,3475 Plymouth Road, PO Box 1468, Ann Arbor, MI 48106
29、.13Copies can be obtained from Global Engineering Documents, 2805 McDermitAve., Irvine, CA 92714.FIG. 1 Chemical Resistance of GeomembranesD 5747 95a (2002)2investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the poten-tially harsh chemical environment under consideration.6. Apparatus6.1
30、 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to an accuracyof 0.001 g.6.2 Dead Weight Micrometer(s), meeting the requirementsof Test Methods D 638, D 751, or D 5199, or combinationthereof, capable of measuring thicknesses to an accuracy of0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.).6.3 Air Circulating Oven, capable of maint
31、aining a tempera-ture of 105 6 2C.6.4 All other required equipment is specified in the refer-enced test method standards. Refer to the appropriate standardsfor a description of the apparatus necessary to perform thosetests.7. HazardsNOTE 3Warning: The solutions used in this practice may containhazar
32、dous chemicals. Appropriate precautions must be taken when han-dling hazardous waste, chemicals, and the immersion solutions. Protectiveequipment suitable for the chemicals being used must be worn by allpersonnel handling or exposed to the chemicals. Particular care should betaken when opening stora
33、ge vessels at elevated temperatures due to theincreased volatility of organics and the increased activity of acids andbases. Care must also be taken to prevent the spilling of hazardousmaterials and provisions must be made to clean up any accidental spillswhich do occur.8. Sampling8.1 Determine the
34、number and dimensions of the testspecimens according to the requirements of the dimensionalmeasurements and physical/chemical property tests to beperformed, the duration of the immersion, and the number oftest intervals.8.2 Sample in accordance with the respective test methodsselected.8.3 Cut the ge
35、omembrane coupons so that they are repre-sentative of the geomembrane being evaluated. Discard cou-pons that contain scratches or other imperfections that mightaffect the test results.NOTE 4Since rate of leachate absorption is a function of thicknessand can have an impact on the test results, the ge
36、omembrane couponsshould be as close in thickness as possible.8.4 Mix the selected coupons in a random fashion and thenre-select coupons for the immersion and baseline testing.8.5 Cut individual test specimens for thickness, weight, andvolatile loss measurements. Specimens may be of any size forwhich
37、 accurate and repeatable measurements can be made. Cutspecimens from sheet stock using a die to ensure consistency ofdimensions.NOTE 5Circular specimens 7.98 cm2(3.14 in.2) have been found to besatisfactory for thickness, weight, and volatile loss measurements. Thesame individual specimen may be use
38、d for thickness, weight, and volatileloss measurements if desired.9. Conditioning9.1 ConditioningCondition samples at 21 6 2C (70 64F) and a relative humidity between 50 and 70 % for not lessthan 40 h prior to weighing or baseline testing and immersion,or combination thereof.10. Procedure10.1 Immers
39、e the geomembrane in the test solution asspecified in Practice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or both.10.2 Immerse a sufficient number of coupons to perform therequired testing for each of the immersion periods.10.3 Immerse additional pieces of geomembrane for weightchanges, thickness changes, and volat
40、ile loss for each immer-sion period. Record the weight of the specimens to an accuracyof at least 0.1 % of the specimens weight. Record thethickness of the specimens to an accuracy of 0.0025 mm(0.0001 in.).10.4 Remove a sufficient number of coupons at the pre-scribed test period for the required tes
41、ting. Rinse each couponwith deionized water and blot dry with water-absorbent,lint-free paper towels to remove any visible liquid or solidresidue on the coupon surface. Allow elevated temperaturecoupons to cool to room temperature in a sample of immersionfluid. Store coupons in an airtight container
42、 or bag with as littleair as possible when not being used or tested in order tominimize moisture or volatile loss, or both. Keep cut speci-mens in an airtight container between tests.10.5 The tests to be performed on the geomembrane arelisted in Sections 11 through 20 for each of the four types ofge
43、omembranes addressed by this practice. The tests consist ofrequired testing to be done on the geomembrane and recom-mended testing to be performed at the discretion of the user.Conduct recommended tests whenever possible as this datawill aid in the interpretation of the final test results. All the t
44、estsshould be completed on the unexposed geomembrane as wellas on the exposed material after each test period. Test twice asmany specimens as listed below on the unexposed material inorder to increase precision of baseline data.10.6 Testing (except the extractables test) of the materialexposed to th
45、e leachate must be done within 24 h of removalfrom the test solution.11. Required Testing, All Geomembranes11.1 Weight ChangeAfter each period, remove three pre-weighed pieces of geomembrane from the liquid, quickly blotdry with water-absorbent, lint-free paper towels any visibleliquid or solid resi
46、due on the specimen surface, and weigh tothe nearest 0.001 g. Calculate the percent weight change to thenearest 0.1 %.NOTE 6Extra care should be taken to completely dry texturedsurfaces to avoid an apparent increase in weight caused by residual surfacemoisture.11.2 Dimension ChangesMeasure thickness
47、 as directed inTest Methods D 751, D 638, or D 5199 to the nearest 0.0025mm (0.0001 in.) at three locations near the center of the piecesof geomembrane used for weight changes before and afterimmersion. Measure length and width (machine and transversedirections) at two locations on the sheets of geo
48、membrane usedfor the physical testing before and after immersion. Calculatepercent changes to the nearest 0.1 %.11.3 Volatile LossDry the pieces of geomembrane fromthe weight changes at 105 6 2C for 24 h and then weigh to theD 5747 95a (2002)3nearest 0.001 g. Calculate the percent volatiles to the n
49、earest0.1 %.11.4 Visual ObservationsDescribe the samples before andafter immersion. Visual appearance can help in the interpreta-tion of the data and may explain anomalous test results.Appearance items to be considered may include change fromoriginal color, including any mottling; change in surface gloss;change in surface roughness; curling, swelling, or other changeat the edges of the specimen; scratch, scoring, fracture initia-tion, or splitting of specimen into separate parts; and grossspecimen changes such as wrinkling, ovalization, or noticeablecur
